Study on Air-Water & Water-Water Heat Exchange in a Finned Tube Exchanger
Modes of Communication
1. Modes of Communication –
Telephone, ISDN, CCTV
S. CAROLINE,
Assistant Professor,
St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil.
2. What is Communication?
The act of sharing or exchanging information, ideas or feelings.
The methods that are used for travelling to and from a place or for sending
messages between places.
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place,
person or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a
message and a recipient. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the
medium used to communicate, and even our location.
3. Telephones
Telephone is one of the most marvelous and revolutionary inventions of the
communication era.
This broke the physical distance barrier, so that any telephone in the world can
be reached through a vast communication network that spans oceans and
continents.
The first successful telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell on March
7, 1876.
4. How does the Telephone work?
A telephone converts a sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into
electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication
channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user.
Mostly they are wired and lined,
5. Evolution and Advancements of
Communication in Telephones
1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
1891: First dial phone; 512,000 phones in the U.S.
1887: First coin-operated telephone installed in the Hartford Bank by the payphone's inventor,
William Gray.
1958: Princess Phone introduced. First phone with a lighted dial, became a part of American pop
culture
1968: 911 chosen as the nationwide emergency number. The nation's telephone companies agree
to make this three-digit sequence unavailable as an exchange number
1984: First cellular phones
2000: The "Web Phone" combines a traditional telephone with an LCD touch-screen and a
retractable keyboard to let customers surf the Internet, check e-mail, make phone calls and check
voice mail from a single device
2000: The "Thin Phone" integrates wireless Internet access with local wireless phone service,
allowing International customers to stay connected with everything from Web pages to voice and
e-mail, all while on the move
2000 and beyond: "Information Appliances" make Internet mobile, wireless "Web to Go," voice-
activated dialing, phone numbers for life, phone calls and Internet on your TV, TV via wireless
phones, and much more.
9. Types of Telephone System
PSTN Line (Analog)
Common Issues with PSTN (Analog) Telephone Lines
Multiline
Digital Lines
ISDN
10. Advantages of Telephone Communication
Easy and quick to use
Fastest mode of communication.
Easy and available means of communication
Can call anybody/anytime
Less expensive, cheap and very handy
3G, 4G and 5G advancements
Distance is not a matter
No barrier: A phone call can reach any location where there is a barrier to physical
appearance
11. Disadvantages
Signal might not be available everywhere.
It is not very secure.
There is no permanent record for legal purpose.
Helps Terrorism.
Misused for making anonymous calls.
There might be noise or poor quality of voice.
12. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for
simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services
over the digitalized circuits of the public switched telephone network.
ISDN or Integrated Services Digital Network is a circuit-switched telephone
network system that transmits both data and voice over a digital line.
These digital lines could be copper lines. It was designed to move outdated
landline technology to digital.
ISDN connections have a reputation for providing better speeds and higher
quality than traditional connections. Faster speeds and better connections allow
data transmissions to travel more reliably.
15. How ISDN works?
Most people use ISDN for high-speed internet when options like DSL or cable
modem connections are not available.
Setting up ISDN is like working on with Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISDN will be
plugged in through a traditional POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) line that can
access both phone numbers at once.
Make sure that there is a working POTS line and assigned phone numbers to begin.
After that, follow the steps to get voice and data communications up and running.
16.
17. Process of setting up ISDN
Loading the modem driver disk and programming the modem
Pointing the modem toward the right phone numbers
Setting the connection speeds for each line
Directing modem to dial ISP (Internet Service Provider) — this phone number
should be provided by ISP
If necessary, set the modem for BONDING (the ability to access higher speeds by
allowing modem to dial both phone numbers at once)
20. ISDN Elements
Integrated services refers to ISDN's ability to deliver at minimum two simultaneous
connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fax, over a single line.
Multiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed.
ISDN line can take care of what were expected to be most people's complete
communication needs (apart from broadband internet access and
entertainment television) at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing the
purchase of multiple analog phone lines.
It also refers to integrated switching and transmission in that telephone switching
and carrier wave transmission are integrated rather than separate.
21. Why people choose ISDN?
It offers multiple digital services that operate through the same copper wire
Digital signals broadcast through telephone lines.
ISDN provides a higher data transfer rate.
Can connect devices and allow them to operate over a single line. This includes
credit card readers, fax machines, and other manifold devices.
It is up and running faster than other modems.
22. Advantages of ISDN
It first started as an alternative to dial-up connection that provided higher internet
speeds.
To access the internet with ISDN, users had to connect through a digital modem.
People still use ISDN for internet access in areas where broadband internet isn’t an
option. For the most part, ISDN for internet access is being phased out. There have
been many attempts to improve the ISDN service.
Broadband ISDN, also known as B-ISDN, transmitted data over fiber optic cable.
Another attempt was ISDN BRI which attempted to improve voice services.
23. Alternatives to ISDN
VoIP (aka Voice over Internet Protocol), takes audio signals and turns them into
digital transmission data. That data can be sent from point-to-point through the
internet.
VoIP is taking the place of traditional telephone system lines. It lets users make
phone calls over the internet without needing a physical telephone line.
26. CCTV
Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to
a specific place on a limited set of monitors.
It differs from a broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted
through it may employ point to point ,point to multipoint or mesh wireless links.
27. Why we use CCTV..?
Reduce cost and risk
Prevent and determine crime
Fool-proof coverage
Reduce property insurance premiums
Increase customer’s confidence
Easy to implement
Keep your employees honest
Encourage good behavior
Prevent safety incidents
28. Elements of CCTV system
Camera
Lens
Monitor unit
DVR/NVR
Cable(coaxial/Ethernet)
Storage devices
DC power supply(12V)
29. Types of CCTV systems
Analog CCTV system
It captures an analog video signal and transfer that signal over coaxial cable to the
DVR.
Each camera may be powered by plugging in the power supply right at the camera
or by using RG59 cables which bundles the video and the power cables.
Requires an DVR to capture image.
Digital/IP CCTV system
IP stands for Internet Protocol, and basically refers to a digital video camera that
can send and receive data via a computer network.
Requires an NVR to capture image.
30. CCTV camera types
CCTV cameras are being installed every where for the purpose of security, crime
prevention and detection.
There are many types of CCTV cameras available:
Indoor camera
Outdoor camera
IR day/night camera
Dome camera
Bullet camera
Vandal proof camera
Hidden camera
Pan tilt zoom camera
31. Indoor camera
Used for indoor security mechanism
Suitable for security in homes, schools, offices, hotels etc…
Outdoor camera
Used for outdoor purpose
Mostly used for entry and exist points with limited night lighting
These cameras have hard shell vandal-proof casting
32. IR day/night camera
Used for high alert security areas where surveillance needs to happen day and
night
Used by military personal, in parking lots and high security zones
Ideal for outdoor surveillance applications
Dome camera
Installed inside a dark dome and are designed in a way that they go unnoticed by
visitors
Can be rotated and tilted manually
Used in public place like railway station, bus terminals, and other areas where there
is a huge gathering of people
33. Bullet camera
Cylindrical
Tapered shape, similar to that of a “rifle bullet”
Outdoor use
Installed inside protective casings, which protect against dust, dirt, rain, hail and
other harmful elements
Require long distance viewing
Fixed or varifocal lenses
34. Fish eye camera
It is a single camera which allows you to record everything with a 180 or 360
degree panoramic view
The strength of this camera can reduce the quantity of cameras needed to cover
the same surveillance area
PTZ(Pan Tilt Zoom)camera
It is the movements, the camera can do when somebody is remotely controlling it
by using a computer or joystick
Most valuable camera allow the person monitoring it to move the camera from
right to left (Pan), up to down (Tilt), & from a tight angle to a wide angle(close up
zoom)
35. Camera Selection
Selecting a camera requires these categories:
Indoor/outdoor
Day/night surveillance
Lens selection
Camera form factor
Video codec
Motion detection
Power source
Wireless and viewing
36. Types of CCTV lens
Fixed Lens
Varifocal Lens
Fixed Lens - Lens size doesn’t change and we can focus but we cant zoom in or
zoom out
Varifocal Lens - Lens size can be changed during the installation process & zoom in
and zoom out process is possible
37. Focal Length Adjustment of Lens
Focal length can be adjusted by 3 methods :
Manual (no cable)
Auto Iris (with a cable)
Motor zoom (with cable and telemetry receiver is needed)
38. Monitor Unit
Function - is to display video images for viewing
Selection is important to the quality of the image as the selection of cameras,
lenses and other components in the imaging chain
LCDs and LED display, various sizes, and other features
Considerations for monitor selection:
Pixels
Size
39. Video Recorders (DVR/NVR)
This is the heart of CCTV installation
They receive, manage, store & record the video captured by the cameras
Video recorders are of two types:
DVR-Digital Video Recorder
NVR-Network Video Recorder
Cable
Coaxial/Ethernet
CCTV can be analog or IP based
Depending on that the cables can be coaxial cable or CAT5/CAT6 cables also
known as Ethernet cables
Cables connect the camera with the DVR/NVR
40. Cable
VGA Cable: Video Graphics Array is a standard type of connection for video devices
such as monitors and projectors
HDMI Cable: High definition Multimedia Interface - provides an interface between
any audio/video source for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed
or uncompressed digital audio data from HDMI-compliant source device
41. Cable connectors
BSN connectors:
A type of connector used to connect coaxial cables
RJ 45:
A type of connectors used to connect Ethernet cables
Storage devices
Hard Disk Drive(HDD) need to store the CCTV footage
It helps to review the CCTV footage
42. Applications of CCTV camera
It is useful to both patients and employees in
safeguarding against security breach,
preventing dishonest claims,
serve as visual and audio evidence in fraud & collision legal cases
research analysis to improve reaction time and services