Schools and perspectives

1. Schools and Perspectives in
Psychology
presented by Rustam

2. School of thought
• A school of thought, or intellectual tradition, is
the perspective of a group of people who
share common characteristics of opinion or
outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief,
social movement, economics, cultural
movement, or art movement.
• No matter they belong to what place but they
are united at one idea

3. Schools and Perspectives in
Psychology
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Behaviorism
• Gestaltism
• Associationism
• Psychoadynamic
• Biological Perspective
• Cognitive Perspective
• Humanistic Perspective
• Cultural Perspective
• Islamic Perspective

4. Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the
founder of Structurelism.
• The word Structurelism was first used by
Titchener.
• First Psychological laboratory Leipzig
University Germany in 1879
• Studied the structure of mind and conscious
through Introspection

5. Functionalism
• Emerged as a reaction to the structuralism
• Willam James is the founder of structuralism
• William tried to study various functions of the brain
• He focused upon the way human adopt their
environment
• Studied the mental function and its factors through
Introspection
• The functionalist presented the relationship of
Stimulus Mind body action to adjust in the
environment
• John Dewy, Edward Thorndike and James cattle

6. Behaviourism
• Behaviourism was established in the early twentieth
century due to the opposition of structuralism and
functionalism
• Founder J.B Watson who tried to make psychology as
an empirical science
• He concluded that the idea of consciousness which was
discussed before behaviourism is absurd.
• Suggsts that observable behaviour can be explained by
environmental factors rather than internal factors
• Hull, skinner and Tolman are famous Behaviourists

7. Contribution in Education
• Conducted experiments on animals
• They present rules and principals of learning
• Focused on the study of child Psychology
• Mostly focused on learning methods
• Pre-planned learning developed as a teaching
method

8. Gestaltism
• Gestalt is a German word which means total
or as a whole.
• Origin Reaction against structuralism and
functionalism gave birth to new school called
Gestalt Psychology in Germany
• Max wertheimer, Kurt koffka and Kohler
founded gestalt psychology
• To understand an object Gestaltist insisted on
moving from whole to parts

9. Associationism
• Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by
the association of one mental state with its successor states.
• It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete
psychological elements and their combinations, which are
believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings.
• Emphasized the reaction based on past experiences
• Aristotle, john Locke, hobbes, Berkley & David Hume are the
founders of Associationism.
• Ebbinghaus, Muller, Morgan, Pavlov and Skiiner promoted
Associationism by experiments in 20th century.

10. Psychoadynamic Perspective
• Sigmund Freud is the Founder of Psychoanalytic
• Freud emphasized the influence of unconscious
mind and childhood experiences on human
behaviour.
• He said that the most of the main causes of
mental disorders are hidden in unconscious.
• He overemphasized the sexual needs of human
• New Freudian; Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen
Horney and Erik Erikson

11. Biological Perspective
• Biological Perspective presented by Mcdougall
• Explained biological functions as the basis of
behaviour using the methods of Introspection &
extraspection
• Extraspection is the counterpoint to the construct
of introspection. While the latter places an
emphasis on deriving psychological data from
people's observations

12. Cognitive Perspective
• Founded by Hilgard, Blumenthal, Royce and
Piaget
• Regarding S O R formula
• Studied all those methods which help an
individual to know, perceive, organise and give
meaning to the stimulus to retain in his mind
reorgnise as his past experience and lead him
to react accordinbg to the changing situation

13. Humanistic Perspective
• Humanistic Perspective founded by Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs and Roger’s importance of
helping the person ( in client centered therapy) to
make choices and decide for his future with his
free will
• A humanistic perspective is an approach to
psychology that emphasizes empathy and
stresses the good in human behavior. In politics
and social theory, this approach calls for human
rights and equality.

14. Cultural Perspective
• A cultural perspective is viewing a situation
or concept through the eyes of an
individual's native environmental and social
influence.
• It is the influence that a culture and society
has on a person's worldview and perspective.

15. Catherine A. Sanderson (2010)
• “A perspective describing people’s behavior and mental
processes as shaped in part by their social and/or
cultural contact, including race, gender, and
nationality.”
• Socio-cultural perspective theory is a broad yet
significant aspect in our being. It applies to every
sector of our daily lives.
• How we communicate, understand, relate and cope
with one another is partially based on this theory.
• Our spiritual, mental, physical, emotional,
physiological being are all influenced by factors
studied by socio-cultural perspective theory.

16. Islamic Perspective
• Islamic perspective addresses topics in
psychology, neuroscience, philosophy of mind,
and psychiatry as well as psychosomatic
medicine.
• Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) the founder of
Islamic psychology who implemented the Divine
code which was revealed to him by Allah.
• Promoted by Al-Kindi, Ibn-e- Cenna, Al-Ghzali,
Ibn-e-khaldoon, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rumi, Iqbal

17. Contributions
• A simple quotation from the Prophet "Look at those below you in worldly
matters and those above you in religious matters" is the fool proof therapy
of depression
• Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) "He who recognizes his lord recognizes
himself".
• one gain spirituality and would help him in discovering his inner self.
• Basic motives of LOVE and FEAR as a Drive to keep people away from Evil.
• Muhammad (SAW) knew how to win hearts. He used to smile the most.
• He told us the importance of spending time for "one's self".
• He laid stress on exercise ,which naturally releases anti-depressent
harmones.
• All of his companions thought that I am the most closest to the Prophet.

18. Thanks