1. Structuralism was a theory developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener that attempted to analyze the structure of the mind by breaking down consciousness into its fundamental elements using introspection. 2. Titchener believed consciousness could be broken down into sensations, images, and affections, which had properties like quality, intensity, duration, etc. 3. Structuralism was the first school of psychology but eventually lost favor because introspection was difficult to validate scientifically and could not be measured objectively like other mental processes.

1. Ms.PRIYANKA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY
AKAL UNIVERSITY TALWANDI
SABO BATHINDA.

2.  E. B. Titchener (1867-
1927)
 Edward Bradford
Titchener (11 January 1867
– 3 August 1927) was an
English psychologist who
studied under Wilhelm
Wundt for several years.
Titchener is best known for
creating his version of
psychology that described
the structure of the
mind: structuralism.

3. Structuralism in psychology is a theory
of consciousness developed by
Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward
Bradford Titchener. This theory was
challenged in the 20th century
It is also known as STRUCTURAL
PSYCHOLOGY

4. IN 1879
This attempt to understand the
structure or characteristics of the mind
was known as structuralism. Wundt
established his psychology laboratory
at the University at Leipzig in 1879. In
this laboratory, Wundt and his students
conducted experiments on, for
example, reaction times.

5. Structuralism was the first school of
psychology and focused on breaking
down mental processes into the most
basic components. Researchers tried to
understand the basic elements of
consciousness using a method known
as introspection.

6.  An example of structuralism is
describing an apple. An apple is crisp,
sweet, juicy, round, and hard.
Another example of structuralism is
describing your experience at the ocean
by saying it is windy, salty, and cold,
but rejuvenating.

7. SCHULTZ (2012): EXAMINATION
OF ONE’S OWN CONSCIOUS
THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS.
SCHULTZ (2012): The process of
directly examining one’s own
conscious mental state and
process.

8. When psychology was first
established as a science and
separate from the biology and
philosophy, the debate over how to
describe and explain the human
mind and behaviour began.

9.  E.B.TITCHENER
 It was his student, Edward B. Titchener, who
invented the term structuralism.
 Wundt believed that the mind could be broken
down into structures by classifying conscious
experiences into small parts that could be
analyzed, similar to other sciences. Titchener
decided to scrap Wundt's brand of psychological
study because conscious experiences aren't as
easy to control in an experiment as behavior is.
Rather than focusing on obtaining quantitative
measurements, Titchener prioritized observation
and analysis.

10. HOW THE MIND
WORK?
FOCUS ON THE
STRUCTURE OF THE
MIND?

11. 1. EVERY SYSTEM HAS A STRUCTURE
 2. STRUCTURE DETERMINE THE
POSITION OF EACH ELEMENT OF A
WHOLE
3. STRUCTURAL LAWS DEALS WITH
COEXISTENCE RATHER THEN THE
CHANGE
4. STRUCTURE ARE REAL THINGS.

12.  Titchener's theory began with the question of what
each element of the mind is. He concluded from his
research that there were three types of mental
elements constituting conscious experience
 : Sensations (elements of perceptions),
 Images (elements of ideas), and
 affections (elements of emotions)
 .These elements could be broken down into their
respective properties, which he determined were
 quality, standard
 intensity, property
 duration, time period
 clearness, understanding of colour
 extensity. Size /shape

13.  The second issue in Titchener's theory of
structuralism was the question of how the
mental elements combined and interacted with
each other to form conscious experience. His
conclusions were largely based on ideas
of associationism .
 Titchener rejected Wundt's notions
of apperception (new experience in relation to
past experience ) and creative synthesis
(voluntary action), which were the basis of
Wundt's voluntarism. Titchener argued
that attention was simply a manifestation of the
"clearness" property within sensation.

14. 1. INTROSPECTION:
 IT IS THE EXAMINATION OF THE ONE’S
OWN CONSCIOUSNESS,THOUGHTS AND
FEELINGS.
2. OBERVATION:
 SELF OBSERVATION OF ONE’SMENTAL
STATE. (MEDITATION)

15.  Titchener argued with the Wundt and
consciousness could be broken down into its
basic elements. Titchener also believed that
objectives introspection could be used on
thoughts as well as on physical
sensations.
 STRUCTURALISM was a dominant force
in the early days of psychology, but
eventually after the death of titchener , the
e phenomenon of structuralism is
disappear.

16.  1. NOT FEASIBLE
 2.CAN’T BE MEASURED LIKE INTELLIGENCE,
ATTITUDE, PERSONALITY
 3. INTROSPECTION LACKS GENERALITY.
 4.IT WAS TOO CONCERNEDWITH THE
 INTERNAL BEHAVIOUR.
 5. STUDY THE STURUCTURE OF MIND IS TOO
SUBJECTIVE.
 6. IT IS NOT DIRECTLY OBSERVABLE.

17.  MERITS
 1.OLDEST METHOD
 2.EXAMINE INNER
BEHAVIOUR OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
 3. MOST ECONOMICAL
 4. FIND OUT ABOUT
MENTAL STATE
 DEMERITS
 1. NO-RELIABILITY
 2.NO-VALIDITY
 3. SUBJECTIVITY
BIAS
 4. SCOPE IS LIMITED
 5. NON SCIENTIFIC IN
NATURE

18.  1.It is the first and major school of psychology.
 2.Structuralism also influenced Experimental
Psychology .
 3.It provide base for the study of mind under its
elements.
 4.Titchener subdivided consciousness into three
domains:
 1.PHYSICAL SENSATION---- ELEMENTS OF
PERCEPTION
 2. IMAGES------ELEMENTS OF IDEAS
 3.FEELINGS------ ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONS
