This document discusses the critical incident technique, which involves analyzing significant events or behaviors to evaluate performance. It defines a critical incident as one that makes a significant difference in an activity's outcome. The document outlines how to record critical incidents, including describing the context, incident details, and impact. It explains that critical incidents can involve effective or ineffective behaviors. The technique was developed to evaluate military personnel but is now used in healthcare to understand roles and solve problems. It allows analyzing interactions and patient responses. The document reviews advantages like flexibility and rich data collection, and disadvantages like reliance on memory.

1. RUDANI KRUPALI J.
F .Y. M.Sc. Nursing student,
I.K.D.R.C.
College of Nursing,
Ahmedabad.
DATE :- 17-01-2017

2. Introduction
• The critical and the steps which are
used for analyzing of the event is
known as critical incident technique.
• To evaluate performance of the
student, the evaluator record specific
incident of effective behavior.(positive)
E.g.. Completion of an assignment,
maintain a quality of nursing care of the
patient.

3. Ineffective behavior
E.g. Lead a poor nursing care,
fall to provide patient benefit.

4. Definition
A critical incident as one that makes a
significant difference in the outcome of
an activity. It may be the positive factors
that contribute towards the cusses of the
behavior or it may be negative factors that
interfere with completion of assignments.
- Fivers and Gosnell

5. The description of incident should be
explained in detail, what a student did or said
that made a teacher to believe he really
understand something or failed to understand
it.
It is a set of procedure used for collecting
direct observations of human behavior that
have critical significance and methodically
criticize.

6.  It is a description of an event in which data
are limited to factors that have direct
bearing on the event it self.
- B.T.Basavanthappa.
Example:- A Nurse enters the room of a 45
years old male to take BP as ordered q4hrly.
She finds that the reading is 80/50, a drop
from 100/80 at the recording 4 hour ago.

7. History
• Psychologist John Flanagan first
introduced use of critical incident
during World War II while attempting
to evaluate men in armed forces.

8. What does CIT
actually means
???

9. • Critical incidents indicate the presence or absence of the
quality or characteristics or behavior pattern to be
analyzed.
• It helps in breaking down broad statements of objectives
into specific components needed for evaluation.
• The description of incident should be explained in
detailed.
• In health care, it is used in situations where direct
examination of clinical staff and researchers can help
them better understand their roles and help them
solve practical problems.

10. • It helps to gain better knowledge about
interactions with patients and other clinicians.
• It can be a good resource in identifying the
experiences of a patient in the health care
setting, To discuss the element of patient
provider interactions and determining patient
responses to illnesses and treatments.
• It is effective in formative evaluation &
summative evaluation

11. In University
setting
Critical incident
includes
An aspect of
project or group
work that went
particularly well
An aspect of
project or group
work that
proved difficult
A piece of work
that found
particularly
demanding
A piece of work which
Increased awareness, or
challenged understanding,
of human rights and
equality
An incident involving
conflict, bitterness,
aggression or criticism

12. In clinical
setting,
Critical incident
includes
A medical emergency
An unusual condition
Interaction with a patient which
made an impression
A communication problem
An incident that made feel
inadequate in some way
A time when feel confronted
An incident which made to think differently,
or caused to question assumptions or beliefs
A difficult situation

13. SOME
EVENTS
Refuse to
co-operate with
other employees
Unwilling to
attend further
training
Got angry
over work or
with subordinatesRefuse to
obey
orders
Refuse to
follow clear cut
instructions
Suggested a
method that
causes changes
in production

14. Effective
behaviors
It includes
positive
behaviors that
contributes to
the patient care
services
Ineffective
behaviors
These are negative
behaviors which
interfere with good
nursing care or
lead to poor
nursing care

15. Criteria for using critical incident
• The actual behaviors must be reported rather than
general features/characteristics.
• The behavior must be actually observed by the reporter.
• All relevant factors in the incident must be given.
• The observer must make a definite judgment about the
behavior that is considered to be critical.
• A collection of critical incidents is made on the basis of
day to day observation of nurses in providing nursing
care, as soon as possible after they occur.

16. • It includes collecting all the information related
with an incident, which involves collecting the
details of the incident from the participant.
Determine & review
the incident
• After gathering all information , need to
identify which issues are faced by persons in a
particular incident.
Identify issues
• It includes finding out possible solutions &
how to resolve an issues based on various
possible solutions.
Determine ways to
resolve issues
• Which will determine if the solution that was
selected will solve the root cause of the situation
and will cause no further problems.
Evaluation of resolution
Method of CIT

17. The following procedure mayhelp in keeping records
of critical incidentsthat is relevant and useful
• Determine whether the incident observed was critical.
• Decide if the behavior was effective or ineffective.
• Relate the behavior noted to a specific standard and
objective for the performance of the activity surveyed.
• Record the incident indicating the date, time and a brief
description of the incident. Use as few words as possible.

18. Recording
of critical
incident
The students
performance
can have 2
parts
Number of
incidents,
effective and
ineffective can be
summarized.
The period of
observation can
be mentioned in
the form.
Signature of the
evaluator, signature of
the person, who is
being observed and
evaluated and
comments, should be
included.

19. Format for the critical incident report :
1. Describe the context(factors) of the incident.
2. Describe the actual incident in detail.
3. Explain why the incident was critical or
remarkable.
4. Explain concerns at the time.
5. Describe thinking and feeling as it was taking
place, and afterwards.

20. 6. Mention anything particularly requires much
skills and efforts about the situation.
7. Explain how the incident will impact on
studies.
8. Explain how it will impact upon future role as
a health professional.

21. Advantages
• Flexible method that can be used to improve when there
is multiple tasks.
• Data is collected from the respondent's perspective and in
his or her own words.
• Does not force the respondents into any given framework
• Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other
methods which only focus on common and everyday
events.
• Useful when problems occur but the cause and
severity are not known.

22. • Inexpensive and provides rich information.
• Emphasizes the features that will make a
system particularly vulnerable and can bring
major benefits (e.g. safety).
• Can be applied using questionnaires or
interviews.
• Easy to understand.
• In certain agencies this method is used for
performance appraisal.

23. Disadvantages
• The Critical Incident Technique will rely on
events being remembered by users and will also
requires the accurate and truthful reporting of
them. Since critical incidents often rely on
memory, incidents may be lack in accuracy or
may even go unreported.
• The method has a built-in bias towards incidents
that happened recently, since these are easier
to recall.

24. • Respondents may not be familiar to or
willing to take the time to tell (or write) a
complete story when describing a critical
incident.
• Since this method is based on incidents it
does not say anything about the everyday
situation so it is not very representative.

25. ASSIGNMENT
 MAKE ONE CRITICAL INCIDENT REPORT IN CLINICAL
EXPERIENCE..
FILL IN THE FORM.

26. Thank you… 