3. HEART FAILURE
occurs when the heart is unable
to pump sufficiently to
maintain blood flow to meet the
body's needs.
4. The World Health Organization (WHO)
has said that an estimated 17 million people
die of cardiovascular diseases every year.
Each year, 170,000 Filipinos die from
cardiovascular diseases, up from 85,000
more than 20 years ago, according to a 2009
study by the Department of Health.
5. Heart failure is caused by any condition which
reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle, through
damage or overloading.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (in which the heart
muscle is starved of oxygen and dies)
HYPERTENSION (which increases the force of
contraction needed to pump blood)
AMYLOIDOSIS (in which misfolded proteins are
deposited in the heart muscle, causing it to stiffen)
6. Disorder of the heart muscle
(cardiomyopathy) that causes the heart
to become weak
Congenital (present at birth) heart
defects
Heart valve disease
Severe forms of anemia (a deficiency
of red blood cells, which leads to a lack
of oxygen to your tissues)
Drug or alcohol abuse
7. In a healthy heart, increased
filling of the ventricle results in
increased contraction force (by
the Frank–Starling law of the heart)
and thus a rise in cardiac output.
8. FRANK–STARLING LAW of the heart states that
the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase
in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)
when all other factors remain constant. The increased volume of
blood stretches the ventricular wall, causing cardiac muscle to
contract more forcefully (the so-called Frank–Starling mechanisms)
9. In heart failure this mechanism fails, as the
ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart
muscle contraction becomes less efficient. The heart of a
person with heart failure may have a reduced force of
contraction due to overloading of the ventricle.
10. The term HEART FAILURE
indicates myocardial disease in
which impaired contraction of the
heart (systolic dysfunction) or filling
of the heart (diastolic dysfunction)
causes pulmonary or systemic
congestion.
11. SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE
the most common type of
alteration in ventricular contraction
which characterized by a weakened
heart muscle.
12. DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE
the less common type which is
characterized by a stiff and
noncompliant heart muscle, making it
difficult for the ventricle to fill.
13.
14. CLASIIFICATION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
I
No limitation of physical activity
Ordinary activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation
or dyspnea.
II
Slight limitation of physical activity
Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity causes
fatigue, palpitation or dyspnea.
III
Marked limitation of physical activity
Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes
fatigue, palpitation or dyspnea.
IV
Unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort
Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest
If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.
New York Heart Classification of Heart Failure
15. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA PATIENT
CHARACTERISTICS
TREATMENT
Stage A
Patient at high
risk for developing
left ventricular
dysfunction but
without structural
heart disease or
symptoms of
heart failure
Hypertension
Atherosclerotic
disease
Diabetes
Obesity
Risk factor control
ACE inhibitor or
ARB
Stage B
Patient with left
ventricular
dysfunction or
structural heart
disease who have
not developed of
Heart failure
History of MI
Left ventricular
hypertrophy
Low ejection fraction
Implement Stage
A
recommendation
s plus Beta-
blocker
American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association
Classification of Heart Failure
16. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA PATIENT
CHARACTERISTICS
TREATMENT
Stage C
Patient with left
ventricular
dysfunction or
structural heart
disease with
current or prior
symptoms of
heart disease
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Decreased exercise
tolerance
Implement Stage A and
B recommendations,
plus Diuretics, Sodium
restrictions,
Implantable
defibrillator, Cardiac
resynchronization
therapy
Stage D
Patients with
refractory end-
stage Heart
Failure requiring
specialized
interventions
Symptoms despite
maximal medical
therapy
Recurrent
hospitalizations
Implement Stage A, B
and C
recommendations, plus
End-of-life care
Extraordinary
measures:
Cardiac transplantation
Mechanical support
