Mis 005-dc

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Disaster Control & Emergency
Planning
WELCOME
TO
IIMSHE

Introduction
• Disaster may be difficult to describe but it is
easily understood to mean something which
occurs suddenly and causes great misery to
human , loss of life and damage to property.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Introduction (contd…)
• More importantly its effects continue to exist for
long and its mitigation follows a tedious and
lengthy process.
• Great deal of medical supports are needed to
take care of people affected by disaster
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Introduction (Cont…)
• The operation of rescue are to take place on
such large scale that all government agencies,
department, officers, public servant and several
non-governmental organizations have to be
pressed in action.
• Even international help is solicited in many
cases of disaster.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Adverse effects of disaster
• Health Problems arise, injuries, diseases and
epidemics occur.
• Basic necessities become unavailable or
diminish, resulting in lack of nutrition. Water gets
contaminated and diseases are caused.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Adverse effects of disaster (contd…)
• Crops are destroyed and agricultural
commodities become unavailable. Cattles go
without food.
• the people lose employment - both industrial and
agricultural. Economic activities are disrupted.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

• Industrial sector is badly affected both by
damage to machinery and loss of power supply.
• Cattles are directly affected either by fatality or
injury or due to lack of food
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

• It is very important to note that greater
proportion of population, particularly those who
are displaced are caught in the fear psychosis,
anxiety and trauma. These effects make people
much weaker and susceptible to become
refugee rather than combat.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Adverse Effects of Disaster
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

DISASTER CLASSIFICATION
• Although most disasters are natural such as
earthquakes, floods, storms, cyclones,
bushfires, there could be still some attributable
to human activities.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

DISASTER CLASSIFICATION (contd…)
• Based on observation, there are three types of
disaster
1. Natural
2. Man made
3. Other
4. Each disaster is further classified as major or
minor.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

• Earthquake
• Flood
• Draught
• Cyclone
Natural Disasters – Major
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Natural Disasters - Minor
• Heat Wave
• Cold Wave
• Land Slide
• Hail Storms
• Avalanche
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Man Made Disasters-Major
• Communal Riots
• Building Fire
• Industrial Fire
• Industrial Disasters
• Traffic accidents comes under man made minor
disaster.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

OTHERS - Major
• Epidemics
• Dam Burst
• Bush Fire
• Policy Induced disasters
• Industrial disaster
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Man Made Disasters - Minor
• Road air or railway accidents
• Festival/ Pilgrimage related disasters
• Food poisoning
• Alcohol/liquor tragedies
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Non-Industrial man made disasters
• Setting up of nuclear power plants or hazardous
chemical plants in areas having population
• Construction of dam displaced large population
besides fertile land and plantations getting
submerged under water of dam
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

(contd..)
• Dam water may cause stress resulting into
shifting of land or earthquake
• Irrigation through canal system has caused large
scale salinisation, water logging and ground
water contamination.
• Cutting of trees for industrialization resulted in
recurring of floods, draughts, land slides etc..
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

(contd..)
• Development of metro cities like Delhi, Bombay,
hazardous slums, road blocks, water logging
and traffic accidents take place.
• Due to improper urbanization, Disasters like fire,
epidemics, gas leakage, water shortage etc
happen causing sufferings to the population.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

•Disaster control
It is meant to reduce the sufferings of
people and damages to property
Aims to find out cause of disaster and
its solution.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

•Disaster control
Involve people to get suggestion to
mitigate the effects of disaster.
Form groups at all levels to co-ordinate
and help in implementation of disaster
control programmes.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

•Disaster control
Minimum standards to be maintained to ensure that
relief has reached the needy.
Education and training to strengthen the team
Reconstruction and rehabilitation by way of providing
people with shelter and employment.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Finished
Emergency Planning starts….
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
An unforeseen situation that threatens
your employees, customers, or the public,
disrupts or shuts down your operations, or
causes physical or environmental damage.

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
Emergency Planning
• An emergency planning has to be prepared
for every factory possessing a potential
hazards in order to be in a position of
readiness to face the adverse effects
accidents.
• Main aim of planning is better manner in
minimum time without substantial human &
property losses.

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
Emergency Planning (Cont…)
• Activities, programmes, and system
developed prior to a disaster/emergency used
to support and enhance prevention, response
and recovery.
- Emergency Management Plan
- Business Recover Plan
- Undertake a hazard analysis/vulnerability
assessment.

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
NATURAL
• Earthquakes
• Hurricanes
• Tornadoes
MAN MADE
• Energy/utility outages
• Fire hazards
• Hazardous materials releases
• Terrorism
Types of Emergencies

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
• Fire
• Explosion
• Spillage of hazards substance during
handling
• Uncontrolled reaction
Causes of Emergencies

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
• The direct consequences of an accidents are
- Explosion
- Fire
- Damage to building
- Injuries deaths of human beings and others
Consequences of emergencies

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
• The occurrence is considered on-site when
the accident occurs within the plant during
processing.
• Sometime the accident in neighboring factory
may occur occurs due to cascading effect
and this is called off-site accident.
Consequences of emergencies (contd…)

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
• Setting of the factory
• Layout of the plant
• Process planning
• Risk assessment
Key elements for on-site Emergency plan for
chemical factory

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
- Which substance constitutes major hazards
- Which error or failure may cause abnormal
condition
- Consequences of major accident to workers
& environment.
chemical factory (contd..)

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
• Location and layout man of factory
• Salient features of factory
• Organization structure of unit
• Appointment of key person and their role

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
-Site controller
-Communication officer
-Administrative manager
-Fire and security officer
-Fire pump attendant

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
Appointment of key person and their role
(contd…)
- Telephone operator
- Engineer-in-charge
- Departmental head

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
(contd…)
- Emergency control room
- Emergency alarm system
- Assembly points
- Tabulated information about inventory of
materials

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
(contd…)
- Material safety data sheet
- Mutual aid scheme
- Description of manufacturing process
- Past accident history
- In-house facilities
- Rehearsal/Revision schedule

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning
(contd…)
- Verification
- Arrangements for training
- Meteorological information
- Check-list for assessment of preparedness
- List of local authority.

THE BHOPAL DISASTER
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

WORLDWIDE INDUSTRIAL
DISASTER - Loss of lives
3800
561 532 509 452
250 245 216 200 135
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
BHOPAL
OPPAUGERMANY
1921
TEXASUSA1947
CUBATAOBRAZIL
1984
SANJUANMEXICO
1984
MINAMATAJAPAN
1950
LUDWIGEHFEN
GERMANY1948
LOSALFAAUES
SPAIN1978
TESSENDERLOO
BELGIUM1942
TOPAOA
VENEZUELA1932

UVCE of LPG581997Vizag, India
UVCE of Isobutane231989Pasadena,
USA
Release of MIC34001984Bhopal, India
LPG: BLEVE5001984Mexico City,
Mexico
UVCE of
Cyclohexane
511974Flixborough,
U.K.
LPG: BLEVE181966Feyzin, France
CauseApprox.
Loss of
Life
YearPlace
SOME MAJOR INCIDENTS

UCIL was established in 1934, when Union
Carbide Corporation (UCC) became one of the
first U.S. companies to invest in India. UCIL was
a diversified manufacturing company, employing
approximately 9,000 people and operating 14
plants in five divisions. Annual sales were nearly
$200 million, and UCIL shares were publicly
traded on the Calcutta Stock Exchange.
UNION CARBIDE INDIA
LIMITED

UNION CARBIDE INDIA
LIMITED ( Cont )
The Bhopal plant was owned and operated
by Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL), an
Indian company in which Union Carbide
Corporation held just over half the stock.
The other stockholders included Indian
financial institutions and thousands of
private investors in India.

UICL
• In the late 1970s, the Bhopal plant
was designed and constructed by
UCIL using Indian consultants and
workers and went on to be operated
by an Indian plant management team.
The plant was constructed on land
leased to UCIL by the state
government of Madhya

UICL ( cont )
• Pradesh.
The plant produced pesticides for use
in India to help the country’s
agricultural sector increase its
productivity and contribute more
significantly to meeting the food
needs of one of the world's most
heavily populated regions.

UICL ( cont)
• In 1994, Union Carbide Corporation
sold its entire stake in UCIL to
MacLeod Russell (India) Limited,
which renamed the company to
Eveready Industries India Limited. In
1998, the government of state of
Madhya Pradesh took over the
Bhopal site from Eveready Industries
India, Limited.

BRIEF INCIDENT
In the early hours of December 3, 1984,
about about 45 tones of methyl
isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the
Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant
in Bhopal. According to the state
government, approximately 3,800 people
died, approximately 40 people
experienced permanent disability, and
approximately 2,800 other individuals
experienced partial disabilities

FACTS OF THE
INCIDENT
• THERE WAS THREE DOUBLE-WALLED , PARTLY
BURIED S.S. TANKS (NO.610, 611 & 619), EACH OF
60 TONNE CAPACITY AND ALL CONTAINING THE
POISONOUS METHYL ISOCYNIDE(MIC) - TO BE
USED TO PRODUCE A DEADLY PESTICIDE
CARBARYL.
• DTD.02.12.1984, NIGHT SHIFT STAFF OF UCIL
TOOK A ROUND 11P.M.

• AT 11:30 P.M. : WORKERS EYES BEGAN TO TEAR
(REALISED SOME MIC LEAK SOMEWHERE)
• FEW WORKERS WENT TO THE MIC STRUCTURE
AND NOTICED A DRIP OF LIQUID WITH
YELLOWISH-WHITE GAS, ABOUT 50 FEET OFF
THE GROUND.
• THEY INFORMED THE SUPERVISOR ABOUT THE
OBSERVATION.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

• THE SUPERVISOR DECIDED TO DEAL WITH THE LEAK
AFTER THE TEA BREAK WHICH ENDS AT 12:40 A.M.
• THE EVENT MOVED FAST !!!!
• TEMPERATURE OF THE TANK NO.610 REACHED 250
C THE
TOP OF ITS SCALE AND PRESSURE WAS INCREASED 20
TIMES RUSHING TOWARDS 40 psi, AT WHICH THE
EMERGENCY SAFETY VALVE WAS TO OPEN.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

• SOON THE PRESSURE GAUGE SHOWED
55 psi, THE TOP OF THE SCALE AND
SAFETY VALVE HAD OPENED
REALEASING MIC WITH LOUD HISSING
SOUND AND THE TREMENDOUS HEAT
• A WHITE CLOUD DRIFTING OVER THE
PLANT WAS MOVING TOWARDS THE
SLEEPING NEIGHBOURHOOD
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

DAMAGE CONTROL
OPERATION
• THE WORKERS TRIED TO OPERATE THE SAFETY
DEVICES, BUT NOTHING SEEMED TO WORK.
• THE WATER JET FAILED TO REACH THE TOP OF
THE 120 FEET STACK FROM WHICH MIC WAS
ESCAPING
• THE VENT GAS SCRUBBER TO NEUTRALISE THE
ESCAPING GAS DID NOT WORK.

IN VAIN EFFORTS
• THE FLARE TOWER TO BURN OFF THE GAS
COULD NOT BE USED BECAUSE ITS PIPING WAS
CORRODED AND NOT REPLACED
• THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (30T CPACITY) TO
KEEP THE MIC IN LIQUID STATE AT 00
C WAS
CLOSED DOWN SINCE JUNE 1984 AS AN PART OF
COST REDUCTION EFFORT.

MSDS of Methyl
Isocyanate
General
• Synonyms: isocyanatomethane,
MIC, methyl carbonyl amine
• Molecular formula: C2H3NO
CAS No: 624-83-9
• UN No 2480.

MSDS
•Physical Data
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -80 0
C
Boiling point: 38 0
C
Flash point: -18 0
C
Water solubility: reacts
• Stability
Stable, but highly reactive. Highly flammable.
Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.

MSDS
• Toxicology
Harmful if swallowed or inhaled and in contact
with the skin.
Contact may lead to burns to the eyes and skin,
and possibly permament eye damage.
Respiratory irritant. May cause asthma-like
allergy. May cause reproductive harm.
Typical PEL 20 ppb.

CONCERN - MIC
• MIC IS EXTREMELY VOLATILE & VAPORISES
VERY EASILY
• BOILS AT 38 0
C (Important to keep it cool)
• CHEMICALLY VERY ACTIVE AND REACTS
VIOLENTLY WITH WATER.
• HIGHLY TOXIC, ABOUT 100 TIMES LETHAL THAN
CYNIDE GAS.
• HEAVIER THAN AIR, IT STAYS NEAR GROUND
AFTER RELEASE.

AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
• THE WIND
– A gentle wind slowly moved the deadly cloud over
an area of about 1.5 sq. miles.
– MIC in gaseous form :
• Is heavier than air,
• Is subject to wind dispersal
– The geographical characteristics and wind velocity
controlled the rate of dispersal and the spread of
MIC.

AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
• DENSLY POPULATED AREAS.
• ACCIDENT HAPPENED IN NIGHT
HOUR
– Midnight caused panic. Having felt trouble
in breathing, people ran in a helter-skelter
manner.
-Because of the colder night of December, the
escaped MIC settled down and travelled
downward covering the sleeping
surroundings with the blanket of death
and damage

STATISTICS
…..at The Time of Disaster (Approx.)
Estimated Population of Bhopal 1.0 million
Population affected by MIC 0.5 million
Human Casualties Over 3,400
No. of people injured 0.25 million
Area affected 18 Sq. Km
Area of UC Plant Over 60 acres

WHAT WENT WRONG
??
A. UNSAFE CONDITIONS
1. THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM TO KEEP THE GAS COOL
WAS CLOSED SINCE LONG.
2. THE VENT GAS SCRUBBER WAS UNDERDESIGNED, NOT
REPAIRED AND NOT CONNECTED.
3. THE CORRODED FLARE TOWER PIPE NOT REPLECED &
NOT CONNECTED.

4. THE WATER CURTAIN JETS WERE
UNDERDESIGNED TO REACH MAX. HEIGHT.
5. ALL TANKS WERE FILLED IN, ONE SHOULD HAVE
BEEN KEPT EMPTY AS EMERGENCY BYPASS.
6. PRESSURE/ TEMP. SENSING SYSTEM, A
WARNING DEVICE WERE NOT INSTALLED.
7. THE CS VALVES WERE USED INSTEAD OF SS
WHICH WERE NOTORIOUS FOR LEAKING.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

8. THE INSTRUMENT TO CHECK THE VALVE LEAKAGE
WERE NOT AVAILABLE.
9. THE WIND DIRECTION & VELOCITY INDICATOR WAS
NOT INSTALLED.
10. THE NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITY WAS NOT TOLD OF
THE DANGER ALARM AND DANGER POSED BY THE
MATERIALS USED IN THE PLANT.
11. CONTROL INSTRUMENTS AT THE PLANT WERE FAULTY.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

12. MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES WERE
DETERIORATED.
13. CHEMICAL REACTORS, PIPING AND VALVES WERE NOT
PURGED, WASHED & AIRED BEFORE MAINTENANCE
OPERATIONS.
14. THE SLIP BLIND TO DISALLOW THE WATER IN THE TANK
THROUGH THE VALVE WAS MISSING.
15. UNDERQUALIFIED WORKERS WERE RUNNING THE
FACTORY.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

16. PEOPLE WITH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BACKGROUND
WERE REPLACED BY LESS SKILLED OPERATORS.
17. THE STRENGHTH WAS REDUCED FROM 850 TO 642
DURING DURING PRECEDING TWO YEARS AND
OPERATORS’ DUTY RELEIVING SYSTEM WAS
SUSPENDED.
18. THE OPERATING MANUAL WAS GROSSLY INADEQUATE,
NOT SPECIFYING ALL NECESSARY EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES TO CONTROL ABNORMAL CONDITIONS.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

19. AT THE TIME OF INCIDENT, THERE WAS ONLY ONE
OPERATOR IN THE MIC CONTROL ROOM WHO FOUND IT
VERTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO CHECK THE 70 ODD PANELS,
INDICATORS AND CONTROLLERS.
20. A DESIGN MODIFICATION OF JUMPER
LINE TO INTERCONNECT RELIEF VALVE
VENT HEADER AND PROCESS VENT
HEADER WAS DEFECTIVE, AS IT
ALLOWED THE WATER TO GO INTO THE
MIC TANK.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

B. UNSAFE ACTIONS
1. THE LEAK WAS NOT ATTENDED AS SOON AS IT
WAS REPORTED.
2. THE FIRST INFORMATION OF FIVE FOLD
PRESSURE RISE WAS DISMISSED IN THE BELIEF
THAT THE PRESSURE GAUGE COULD BE
FAULTY.
3. A NEWLY RECRUITED SUPERVISOR HAD ASKED
THE OPERATOR TO CLEAN A PIPE AND THE SLIP
BLIND WAS NOT INSERTED WHILE DOING SO.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

4. THE PUBLIC SIREN WAS PUT ON AROUND 1AM
NEARLY AN HOUR AFTER THE GAS LEAKGE AND
THAT TOO FOR A FEW MINUTES.
5. THE CORRECT ANTIDOTES AND MEDICAL
TREATMENTS WERE NOT SUGGESTED TO LOCAL
DOCTORS. ON THE CONTRARY, CONFUSION OF
MIC OR PHOSGENE OR HCN WAS CONFOUNDED.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

RESULT/ CAUSE OF
INCIDENT
ABOVE 25 UNSAFE ACTION & CONDITIONS LED
TO THE VIOLENT REACTION. DIFFERENT
HYPOTHESIS HAVE BEEN EXPOUNDED BY
CARBIDE’S SCIENTISTS, INDIAN EXPERTS AND
DR. S. VERADRAJAN, WHO LED THE
INVESTIGATIONS ON BEHALF OF THE
GOVERNMENT.
• ACCORDING TO HIM, SMALL QUANTITY OF
WATER REACTED WITH PHOSGENE IN THE TANK,
MIXED WITH MIC AS AN IMPURITY TO KEEP IT
STABLE.

• THE PHOSGENE WATER REACTION (HYDROLYSIS)
PRODUCED HEAT, CO2 AND HCl. THE HEAT AND HCl
ACTED AS THE ACCELERATOR OF THE
POLYMERISATION, ADDITION AND DEGRADATIONS OF
MIC LEADING TO RUNWAY REACTION.
• ACCORDING TO OTHERS, THE INCREASED TEMP. OF MIC
GENERATED HEAT, PRESSURE AND SIDE-REACTION
(WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF CHLOROFORM IN STORED
MIC) AND AN IRON CATALYST LED TO THE VIOLENT
REACTION.
MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

REMEDIAL MEASURES
YOU DECIDE (DISCUSSION)
AVOIDING ALL THOSE 25
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

MIS-005 PGDM 1st
semester
Planning

Mis 005-dc

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