Curriculum is the base on which the subjects, activities and experiences are planned. Curriculum encompasses all types of activities, experiences, programs etc. planned and managed by the school leading to the achievements of instructional objectives. It is more than the textbook, more than the subject matter or course of studies. it is the totality of all the learning to which you are exposed during study in the school, classroom, lab, library, playground etc.

1. ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP - JUL/AUG. 2020
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
AT
SECONDARY EDUCATION
CC 8624 -B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. M. Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

2. 2
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
AT
SECONDARY EDUCATION

3. What Is Curriculum?
❑ Curriculum is the base on which the subjects, activities and
experiences are planned.
❑ Curriculum encompasses all types of activities, experiences,
programs etc. planned and managed by the school leading to
the achievements of instructional objectives.
❑ It is more than the textbook, more than the subject matter or
course of studies. it is the totality of all the learning to which
you are exposed during study in the school, classroom, lab,
library, playground etc. 3
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

4. Curriculum Development
▪ Curriculum is planned, developed, implemented and
evaluated in order to be planned again, for making it more
meaningful, based upon the results of Evalution. So we can
say that the curriculum development is a cyclic process.
▪ Teacher is the most significant agent and plays a key role. He
has to be involved in all the stages of development of
curriculum which he has to implement. This would help in
making it more realistic and practicable.
▪ Curriculum is based upon the needs of society 4
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

5. Characteristics Of Curriculum
1. Totality of Activities
Here it means all the school activities which are
conducted to promote the development of pupils as they
learn by doing
2. A means to An End
Curriculum is developed to achieve the aims of education.
So, the curriculum will change with every change in the
aims of education. 5
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

6. Characteristics Of Curriculum (continued)
3. Total School Environment
Which curriculum gets influenced by the total
environment of the school. The students learn from the
surroundings - total educational programs
4. Totality of Experiences
Classroom, library, lab, workshop, playground, assembly
Hall / lawn-Inside and outside the school.
6
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

7. Characteristics Of Curriculum (continued)
5. Mirror of Curricular and Cocurricular Trends
Courses of studies, aims and objectives of education.
methodology of teaching including teaching resources and
teaching techniques.
6. Mirror of Educational Trends
Total picture about the prevailing Educational system,
the objectives behind the educational system highlighted
through the series of experiences provided by the
curriculum. 7
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

8. Characteristics Of Curriculum (continued)
7. Development of Balanced Personality
Curriculum and Co-curricular activities regarding
physical, intellectual, emotional, social, economic,
cultural and aesthetic development play their role for
developing balanced personality.
8. Process of Living
Curriculum is concerned both with the life of the
individual and his environment.
8
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

9. Characteristics Of Curriculum (continued)
9. Dynamic but Not Static
Change with the change of needs, environment, abilities,
interests, attitude and life of individuals
10. Mirror of Philosophy of Life
The curriculum reflects the ideas, faith, philosophy -
autocratic or Democratic, spiritualistic or materialistic
way of life.
9
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

10. Characteristics Of Curriculum (continued)
11. Achievement of Goals
Curriculum helps in achieving the goals and objectives of
education Set on the basis of society / communities.
10
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

11. Principles Of Curriculum Construction
The following principles should be kept in mind for designing
the curriculum.
1. Principle of Child Centeredness
2. Principle of Integration
Units of teaching should corelate with the life and
environment of pupils rather than with narrow bits of
information
11
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

12. Principles Of Curriculum Construction(continued)
3. Principle of Totality of Experiences
4. Principle of Variety
As per needs interests and prevailing situation of society
5. Principle of Flexibility
Adjustable to the needs of learners at every stage and
changing social conditions and structure of society
12
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

13. Principles Of Curriculum Construction(continued)
6. Principle of Harmony
In curriculum, the proper harmony should be maintained
between formal and informal education, direct or indirect,
general and specific, individual and social aims of
education.
7. Principle of Community Centeredness
The curriculum should reflect all that is significant and
characteristic in the life of community. It should be
correlated with the environment of community. 13
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

14. Principles Of Curriculum Construction(continued)
8. Principle of Activity Centeredness
9. Principle of Creative Training
While developing curriculum attention should be paid to
encourage pupils to develop creative ability as far as
possible
10. Principle of Developing Democratic Values
14
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

15. Principles Of Curriculum Construction(continued)
11. Principle of Utility
Vocational, technical and industrial courses must be
introduced
12. Conservation Principle
The curriculum must involve the content that may be
helpful in conserving and transmitting culture and
civilization of the country.
15
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

16. Principles Of Curriculum Construction(continued)
13. Need for a Radical Reform of School Curriculum
In this age of education explosion of knowledge, the
reformation of many concepts in the Sciences have
highlighted the necessity of bringing change in the
inadequacy of existing programs in the schools
16
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

17. Curriculum and Syllabus:
Syllabus is book oriented in shape of list of contents of
any part of a specific discipline. Syllabus lays more stress on
learning and memory, but the scope of curriculum is very wide.
syllabus is a part and parcel of curriculum but these two cannot
be used as synonymous.
17
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

18. 18
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AT SECONDARY EDUCATION

19. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
THEORIES REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
19
By:Ch.M.Ashraf
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra