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Prof Mahfud_Some Innovations Techniques in Patchouli Oil Production.pdf
1. SOME INNOVATIONS TECHNIQUES IN
PATCHOULI OIL PRODUCTION
Prof. Dr. Mahfud,DEA
Laboratory of Chemical Process Reaction and Biomass Conversion
Department of Chemical Engineering, FTIRS
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Email: mahfud@chem-eng.its.ac.id; WA:08155223477
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
(ICEO 2021)
2. Outline
• Introduction
• What’s patchouli oil ?
• What’s patchouli oil for?
• How patchouli oil is extracted?
• Innovations in large scale Distiller
• Innovations in pilot scale Distiller
• Innovations in lab scale Distiller
• Conclusion
3. The plants of essential oil
JAVA CANANGA
CLOVES
PATCHOULI
(NILAM)
4. Species of Patchouli plants
NILAM ACEH
Pogostemon cablin Benth.
NILAM SABUN
NILAM JAWA
VARITAS NILAM ACEH
Sources:
http://cybex.pertanian.go.id/mobile/artikel/86638/3-Jenis-Tanaman-Nilam/
5. Patchouli Oil (Nilam)
• Indonesia supplies > 90% of the world's patchouli oil.
• Patchouli oil is important
contributor export than
other essential oils.
• 50% of the total foreign
exchange for Indonesia's
essential oil exports.
6. What is Patchouli plant?
Pogostemon cablin Benth (Nilam Aceh)
• Patchouli plant is a tropical plant that produces an
essential oil called the same (patchouli oil).
• Patchouli plants can grow in the low-highlands
(10-400 m), the rainfall 2500-3500 mm/year and
grow all the year, temperature 24-28 0
C, humidity
> 75%, sufficient intensity of sunlight & fertile soil.
• Varieties: Sidi kalang, Tapak tuan, Loksumawe &
Balittro
7. What’s others species of Patchouli plants?
• Pogostemon Hortensis Backer Bent
▫ Nilam Sabun
▫ Natural soap
• Pogostemon Heynecnus Benth
▫ Nilam Jawa
▫ Batik fragrance
Nilam Sabun
8. What’s patchouli oil for?
Generally, patchouli oil is not the dominant aroma
contribution in perfume anatomy (top notes or
middle notes), but as:
• Fixative: a compound that has a low volatility or a
higher evaporation point than other essential oils, so that
the rate of evaporation of the fragrance can be inhibited
• Bottom notes: The bottom of the perfume anatomy
12. Patchouli Oil Distillation - Problems
Economical Problems Technical Problems
• Patchouli oil prices always
fluctuate from low to high
• Price fluctuations cause a
decrease in motivation for
refiners and farmers
• Materials: Iron refining
material has been gradually
updated using stainless steel
material
• Operations: In general there
are not many significant
technical problems, only need to
apply "Good Manufacturing
Practice" so that the quality of
patchouli oil is consistent
• Innovations: Refiners haven’t
make innovation in order to
increase yield or increase % PA
(Patchouli alcohol)
13. 1. Innovations in large scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
❖ 2oo kg leaves
❖ 5oo kg leaves
❖ 1oo0 kg leaves
❖ 2oo0 kg leaves
14. Problem: Effect of distillation time on % PA (Patchouli alcohol)
• Distillation Time 3 hours (to save fuel)
• Distillation Time 8 hours (generally)
• Distillation Time 12 hours (fuel from dry rubbish)
The best quality oil comes out after 4 hours of distillation,
so it is important to set the distillation time to around 7 hours
Operating Conditions SD
Volume Distiller = 500 L
Mass of material = 160 kg
Distillation time = 7 hr.
Dry leaves
Yield = 1,9
15. New steam Hydro-distillation design
• Dr. Hans Siwon (visiting researcher
at ITS from the Netherlands) and
Prof. Mahfud Chem.Eng. ITS)
together designed a new hydro
steam distillation plant at the
village of Tempur Sari, Donomulyo,
Malang (2009).
• This program financial supported by
ITS and Swiss Contact. And the
construction by CV.Maju Bersama.
• The new Steam-hydro distillation
Equipped with :
o A Boiler for generated steam
o An Agitator for homogenization
o A distiller heating system using
circulation of oil
16. Comparison Yield
Steam Distillation (SD) vs steam Hydro-distillation(SHD)
Operating Conditions SD
• Volume Distiller = 500 L
• Mass of material = 160 kg
• Distillation time = 8 hr.
• Dry leaves
• Yield = 1,9
Operating Conditions SHD
• Distiller Volume = 200 L
• Mass of material = 50 kg
• Distillation time = 8 hr.
• Dry leaves (chopped)
• Using a stirrer
• Operating costs : more expensive (for
mixer and heating mantle of distiller)
• Yield = 3,6
Steam-hydro distillation led to a greater yield of
essential oil, comparatively to that obtained by
means of steam distillation.
17. Comparison Oil Density
Steam Distillation vs steam Hydro-distillation
Density ⬄ % PA(Patchouli Alcohol)
Steam Distillation
• Density increase with time
• Avg Density = 0,96
Steam Hydro-distillation
• Density increase slightly with time
• Avg Density = 0,95
18. GC-MS analysis
• The composition of patchouli oil analyzed using GC-MS
and the identification of it constituents is based on
retention times.
• The major constituent of patchouli oil that has been
extracted using steam distillation and steam-hydro
distillation methods is 28.76% and 28.71%, respectively.
• The use of different extraction method has no effect on
the major constituent of patchouli oil.
19. 2. Innovations in pilot scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
❖ 2 kg leaves
❖ 5 kg leaves
20. Effect of Materials conditions in Oil Yield
Chopped
leaves
Unchopped
Leaves
Innovation
21. Effect of Materials conditions in Oil Yield
Dried leaves
Fresh leaves
Innovation
22. 3. Innovations in lab scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
▪ 500 ml
▪ 1000 ml
▪ 2000 ml
▪ 3000 ml
Condenser type :
▪ Liebig
▪ Clevenger
23. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION
Heating mechanism by microwave :
1. The material absorbs radiation
electromagnetic wave until it reaches the
glandular glands in the cell wall.
2. The presence of polar molecules in an
oscillating electro-magnetic field with the
appropriate frequency trying to follow the
field and align themselves to be in phase
with the field which does not follow the
orientation of the field random particle
movement generate heat.
3. The presence of heat causes the cell walls to
break and then the essential oil contained in
the material will be able to freely exit into the
solvent
Extraction that uses microwave as heating sources
24. • Mechanism of Extraction conventional
▫ Diffusion of oil from solid material to solvent
• Mechanism of Microwave-assisted Extraction
▫ Diffusion of oil from solid material to solvent
▫ Oil release due to material matrix breaking due to oil expansion
Mechanism of Microwave-assisted Extraction
Sources of figure: Ying Li et al. Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds
provides a tool for green analytical chemistry, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol
25. Pogostemon cablin extracted using :
hydro distillation vs. microwave hydro distillation
Extraction
Method
Operating
conditions
Processing
time
Extraction results
Hydro distillation
(HD)
P = atmospheric
Mass = 20 gr
Volume = 400 ml
water
t = 417 min Yield = 2.72%
Patchoulol = 26.32%
Microwave hydro
distillation
(MHD)
P = atmospheric
Mass = 20 gr
Volume = 400 ml
water
Power MW = 600
W
t = 126 min Yield = 2.61%
Patchoulol = 27.78%
H. S. Kusuma and M. Mahfud, Period. Polytech., Chem. Eng. 61(2), 82-92 (2017b).
26. Cananga Odorata extracted using :
hydro distillation vs. microwave hydro distillation
Mahfud et.al Modern Applied Science; Vol. 9, No. 7; 2015
28. Effect air flow rate in MAHD
The MAHD method produce higher
yields of patchouli oil when compared
with MHD method:
• the air flow helps to optimize the
mixing process.
• the air flow may be involved in
helping to extract essential oil
components of the heavy oils.
• The air flow can reduce the light
components in patchouli oil so that
the obtained oil contains more
heavy components (more
patchoulol content)
32. 1
• The prospect of patchouli oil in particular and essential oil in general is relatively good
in Indonesia, it should also be followed by mastery of refining technology and
cultivation of essential oil-producing plants, so that the essential oil business is able to
develop in terms of quality and quantity in order to meet the world's needs and be able
to increase competitiveness. with suppliers from other countries.
2
• Of the several problems that exist, distillation technology can be said to be a problem
that needs to be considered by Indonesian refiners in particular. This is because in
general the distillation technology used to refine essential oils in Indonesia is still
traditional.
3
• Hence, it is necessary to consider innovation to use new methods in refining essential
oils that are more effective and efficient.
4
• Therefore, as a academician, we provide some suggestions on distillation technologies
that may be applied by Indonesian refiners, such as: microwave hydro distillation,
microwave steam-hydro distillation, microwave air-hydro distillation, and solvent-free
microwave extraction.
Conclusion
