Star composition (spectroscope)
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A spectroscope is used to determine a star's composition by separating white light into a spectrum of colors to analyze each element's unique black-line fingerprint. The document discusses using a spectroscope to examine light from stars and determine what elements they contain.
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The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
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All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
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Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
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Characteristics of living things
All living things share six key characteristics: 1) they are made of cells, 2) need energy, 3) grow and develop, 4) respond to their environment, 5) reproduce, and 6) have adaptations that allow them to survive in their environment. The document discusses each of these characteristics in more detail, explaining that cells are the basic unit of life, organisms get energy from nutrients and their environment, they grow over time and develop in response to stimuli, reproduce to continue their species, and evolve adaptations suited to their habitat.
Microscopes
The document discusses microscopes. It describes how the first microscope was invented in the 1590s, allowing humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains how light microscopes work, using lenses to magnify specimens, and how micrometers are used to measure very small objects. The document also covers the parts of a microscope, how to use one, and how to estimate sizes of objects viewed through the microscope using measurements of the field of view.
Compression
Compression occurs when a force pushes on an object, causing it to deform in shape. Gases can be compressed more than liquids because there are more spaces between particles in a gas, allowing it to be compressed. Liquids are said to be incompressible as they cannot be easily compressed due to having little space between particles.
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