2. INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY:-
• The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights such as
“knight hospitaller” from in the 11th century providing care to pilgrims and
knights.
• A German surgeon who first convenient the idea of “FIRST AID” (1823-1908).
• In 1877 St. john Ambulance Association of England was formed.
• In 1930. Red Cross Society of India was established.
• Today several groups and voluntary agencies are promoted the first aid such as
military
• New technologies, technique, equipment have helped make simple and
effective first aid
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3. CONCEPT OF FIRST AID
• First aid is Immediate. Help to give one victim. Of injury or sudden illness by. Bystander.
Until appropriate medical help arrives. Or victim. Is seen by healthcare provider.
•Definition of first aid:-
• First aid is the immediate care given To those are suffering from effect of accident.
Sudden illness to prevent the life. Assist recovery and prevent worsening of condition.
Until Medical assistant obtain or casualty is taken to his home -by Swapna
Naskar & Mala Goswami.
• First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed By a
lay person to a sick or an injured casualty until definitive medical treatment. Can be
assessed. -from pub med
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6. PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
• Acting. Quickly but stable mind.
• Taking care of patient after knowing the details.
• Winning confidence of affected person.
• Working honestly.
• Telling the truth about the seriousness of the victims condition to his
relatives.
• Try to Understand the cause of Injury or disease. And prevent the situation
from worsening.
• Don’t allow the crown gather around the patient.
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7. Golden Rule’s Of First Aid :
• Golden rules of first aid are described under two heading as below:-
• 1. what to do
Do first thing first quickly, quietly without fuss or panic.
• Tactfully reassure. The casualty as this will lessen anxiety.
• Avoid crowd as fresh air is essential.
• Give artificial respiration. If bleeding has stopped. As every second Count.
Example ABC’s of emergencies.
• Stop any bleeding (pressuring pressure points).
• Ground against Or treat for shock.
• Do not move the casualty Unnecessarily But handle the casualty Gently.
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8. • Do not remove the cloth of the casualty unnecessarily.
• Do not do much do minimum That essential to save life And prevent the
condition from worsen.
• Give comfortable position to casualty.
• Arrange removal of casualty.
• 2)What not to do :-
• Do not let the casualty see his own injury
• Do not leave the casualty alone except to get help.
• Do not assure the casualty obvious injury are the only one.
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9. CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY.
• In 1970.The French began to transport wounded Soldiers So they could be
cared for by position away from the sense of battle. his is the earliest
documented emergency medical service.
• Emergency medical service(EMS) during the 1960 the development of
modern emergency medical service Began. The National Registry of
Emergency medical technicians was Founded to establish professional
standards.
• The concept of Ambulance 🚑 as means merely for transporting the sick
and injured passed into oblivion
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10. COMPONENTS OF THE EMS SYSTEM
• PATIENT
• MEMBER of
PUBLIC
• DISPATCHERS
• 1ST RESPONDERS
• EMERGENCY DEPT
STAFFS
• ALIEND HEARTH
STAFF
EMS
SYSTEM
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12. Action plan
• This action plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing whether the victim
has any life threatening condition.
• They are DRABC
D – Check for DANGER
o To you
oTo others
oTo victim
R – Check RESPONSE
oIs victim conscious?
oIs victim Unconscious?
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13. A - Airway
A – Check Airway
• Is airway clear of objects?
• Is airway open?
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15. B - Breathing
B – Check for BREATHING
• Is chest rising and falling?(LOOK)
• Can you hear victim’s
breathing?(LISTEN)
• Can you feel the breath on your
cheek?(FEEL)
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16. C - Circulation
C – Check for circulation
• Can you feel a pulse?
• Can you see any obvious sign of life?
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17. Action plan
1. Call for the patient (Ask if he is ok??)
2. Tap on his shoulder twice to make sure he is
unconscious.
3. Activate emergency call.
4. Ask for patient permission for help.
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18. Principles Of Emergency Care:
• Collect the detailed history of accident either from the
victim or from anyone who has witnessed the accident.
• The victim’s injury should be examined thoroughly, taking
note of every symptom, to now the correct diagnosis.
• By the help of diagnosis, treat the victim to the hospital
and aid the patient during transport.
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19. Principles Of Emergency Care:
• Call the doctors or shift the
victim to the hospital as
soon as possible, so that the
patience can recover soon
from doctor’s treatment
instead of prolonging the
first aid.
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20. First Aid Kit:
Following are the contents of a First Aid Kit:
Cotton wool
Adhesive tape
Crepe bandage
Sterile dressing
Bandage
Thermometer
Scissor
Glove
Soap
Pain reliever
Antacid
ORS packet
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45. Steps of bandaging
•1)SPIRAL bandaging
• this is type bandages is used for the uniform thickness part that that is finger or
wrist this each turn of bandage overlap previous turn. this is preferred over the
limb.
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46. Reverse spirals
•It is also type of spiral bandaging and usually used for parts of
where the thickness varies. for example legs, forearms. Here,
the turn of spiral should be overlap preceding one by about 3/4
of the previous and then reversed by the placing a thumb in
center. it should be smooth in between the gap it should not be
there.
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48. Figure of eight
•this is basically use for the elbow and knee joints this applied
in the manner of figure of eight. this bandage made forming
loops over the joint turn, alternatively ascent and descent to
cover the part.
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50. spica
•This is also type of figure of eight, but there the term is
longer than the other. It is used for join at right angle to
the body.
•example. The shoulder, groin and thumb.
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62. TRANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED
Aim to transport :- to enable the casuality to reach the destination without
deterioration or discomfort.
The method of transport depends on:-
• The nature & severity of injury.
• The number of helpers.
• Facilities available.
• The casualty's build.
• Distance to be covered.
• Route to be travelled.
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89. B - Breathing
B – Check for BREATHING
• Is chest rising and
falling?(LOOK)
• Can you hear victim’s
breathing?(LISTEN)
• Can you feel the breath on
your cheek?(FEEL)
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90. C - Circulation
C – Check for circulation
• Can you feel a pulse?
• Can you see any obvious sign of
life?
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95. Keep heel of hand 2
fingers above Xiphoid
process
(Lowest End of Breast Bone)
Keep other heel of the hand
above the first one and interlock
fingers
Identification of Position and placement of Hands for Chest
Compression
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104. NEW BORN AND INFANT CPR VIDEO
• CLICK TO EDIT MASTER TEXT STYLES
• SECOND LEVEL
• THIRD LEVEL
• FOURTH LEVEL
• FIFTH LEVEL
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120. NEW BORN AND INFANT CPR VIDEO
• CLICK TO EDIT MASTER TEXT STYLES
• SECOND LEVEL
• THIRD LEVEL
• FOURTH LEVEL
• FIFTH LEVEL
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121. • CLICK TO EDIT MASTER TEXT STYLES
• SECOND LEVEL
• THIRD LEVEL
• FOURTH LEVEL
• FIFTH LEVEL
Placement of electrodes
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262. FIRST AID
UNIT -IV.
COMMUNITY EMERGENCIES & COMMUNITY RESOURCES.
MARKAD RAVINDRA A.
BROTHER TUTOR,
SCHOOL OF NURSING,
K.E.M. HOSPITAL PAREL MUMBAI -12
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263. DEFINITION OF DISASTER.
•An occurrence, either the natural or man-
made that causes human suffering and
Creates human needs that victims cannot
alleviate without assistance.
-The American Red Cross.
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264. DISASTER alphabetically means.
•D - Destruction.
•I- Incident.
•S- Suffering.
•A -Administrative.
•S- Sentiments.
•T- Tragedies.
•E – eruption of communicable diseases.
•R – Research program and its implementation.
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265. DISASTER NURSING
•It is a different age, professional nursing skill, knowledge, attitude
in recognizing and meeting the nursing health, emotional needs
of disaster victim.
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266. GOALS OF DISASTER NURSING.
• To provide basic survival needs of affected population.
• To identify the possibility of a secondary disaster.
• Estimate the risk and resource in the environment.
• To create inequality in access to healthcare or appropriate
resource
• Encourages survivors to participate in their own health
plans and well-being.
• To promote the highest. Achievable quality of life for
survivors.
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271. EMERGENCY NURSING MANAGEMENT.
1)Initial crisis management.
• A)Search and Rescue: The top priority in disaster management is to search
for the afflicted people in the affected areas transport them. To save, place
this process known as SAR (Search and Rescue )
• B)Transportation of victims: Immediately after the disaster, every person
rushed to health services.
• C) classification of injured triage:
• Yeah, the principle of first come, first created is not applicable. Due to lack of
resources to meet the needs of injured people the priority of treatment is
decided by the process of instant classification.
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273. TRIAGE TAG.
•Price tag is prefabricated label place on each
patient that helps.
•Identify the patient.
•Content record assessment findings.
•Identify priority of patient needs for medical
treatment and transport from emergencies
scenes.
•Identify additional hazards.
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274. INTERMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OR RELIEF PHASE.
A) epidemiological
surveillance.
B) Control and prevention of
diseases.
C) Residential facilities.
D) Water and electronic
arrangement.
E) food arrangement.
F) communication system.
G) Sanitation.
H) safety and living
Facilities.
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275. •D) identification of death and care of dead bodies:
•Therefore identification and care of dead bodies is an
important part in disaster.
•To remove the dead bodies from disaster site, determine
their identity, keep them in maturity, arrange the
postmortem proper care of dead bodies, ensuring them to
their relative, performing last rites to unclaimed the bodies.
Are the importance aspect of disaster management. It should
kept in mind that dear always lies or risk of epidemics
spreading due to the decades and infected bodies.
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276. POST DISASTER ACTIVITY.
A)Evaluation of harm and damages.
B) Rehabilitation.
After occurrence of disaster, rehabilitation programme can
be classified following heads.
1) Development of infrastructure and housing.
2) Social and psychological rehabilitation.
3) Economical rehabilitation.
4) Environmental rehabilitation.
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277. Community health nurse ROLE in disaster management.
•Communicators.
•Team coordinators.
•Rescuer.
•Healthcare provider.
•Health educator and councillor.
•Damage assessor.
•Rehabilitator
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281. REHABILITATION.
• After disaster Rehabilitation of affected people is an important part of
disaster management. The restoration of normal life is possible through only
the rehabilitation.
• Rehabilitation program classified as follows.
• A) Development of infrastructure and housing.
• B) Social and psychological rehabilitation.
• C) Economical rehabilitation.
• D) Environmental rehabilitation.
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282. A) Development of infrastructure and housing.
• Provide housing facility :- priority should be given construction and allocation
of permanent houses in place of temporary housing.
• To reinstate the road, bridges and railway service and other transport system.
• To restore electricity and water supply Incorporating latest techniques.
• To normalize communication system.
• To reconduct community buildings .
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283. B) Social and psychological rehabilitation.
• Giving psychotherapy and mental support to the injured fractured and
people who suffering from the physical disorder due to the disaster.
• Activating and straightening exhibiting health facility and infrastructure.
• Reestablish the educational activity in affected areas.
• Rehabilitate homeless children, women, affected people.
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284. C)Economical rehabilitation.
• To get start business activity immediately.
• To provide employment to people who become jobless due to the disaster.
• Arrange the for the government jobs for them.
• To restart the agriculture and framing.
• To rehabilitated small businessmen and masons.
• To bring occupational activity in line through financial grants and loans.
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285. D) Environmental rehabilitation.
• Due to disaster, environmental and biological balance, affected areas gets
disturbed. Therefore, with other activities of rehabilitation is necessary to
take ecological balance and development. Main features are environmental
rehabilitation.
• To do dance plantation.
• To develop artificial ponds, Lakes, gardens.
• To prevent bio pollution.
• To do Effective surveillance of these factors which are responsible for the air,
water and land pollution.
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286. Organization providing assistance in disaster management
• International Agency, government and non governmental organization, voluntary
associations. Etc. plays an important. Role in disaster management migration and it’s
management. Somewhere below listed.
• UNDP- United Nation development program.
• FAO – Food and Agriculture organization.
• UNCHS – United Nations Center for Human Settlements.
• RDRU – regional disaster with revolution unit this is reginal development units of united
nation.
• UNEP - United National environmental program.
• UNIE –NET- United nation national Emergency network.
• UNHCR – United Nations high. Commissioners of refugees.
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287. Organization providing assistance in disaster management
• WFO – World food organization.
• WMO – World Meteorological Organization.
• WHO – World Health Organization.
• ADPC – Asian Disaster Preparedness center.
• Red Cross society.
• NDMA – National Disaster Management Authority, India.
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