Life cycle, mode and transmission of Plasmodium, symptoms and treatment

1. PLASMODIUM
T. Ramesh

2. Unicellular or Acellular
Protozoa animal
Endo Parasite- Blood of Human
Reproduce & formed as spores
Class: Sporaozoa
No organs for locomotion
Cosmopolitan Distribution
They causes Malaria
Life cycle- Two Host- Digenic (Man & Mosquitoes )
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF PLASMODIUM

3. 1. Members of class Sporozoa are parasite so
locomotory organs are absent in Plasmodium
2. Members of order Haemosporidia show
digenetic life cycle i.e. Plasmodium completes its
life cycle in two hosts.
3. Primary host- Human being; where it
completes it asexual life cycle.
4. Secondary host- Female Anopheles; where it
completes mainly its sexual cycle.
5. Reservoir host- Monkey.
INTRODUCTION

4. • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by
intracellular protozoan parasite Plasmodium.
• Characterized by cycles of shaking, chills, fever, sweating and
anaemia.
• Affects 500 million and kills more than 1 million people each
year. Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions –Sub-Saharan
Africa, Asia and Latin America.
• In India, about 1.5 – 2 million cases and 1000 malarial deaths
are reported annually (mostly from tribal, hilly and inaccessible
areas).
• All forms are transmitted by the infective bite of female
Anopheles mosquitoes. Transmission through blood
transfusion can also occur .
• Man develops disease after 10 to 14 days of being bitten by an
infective mosquito.

5. Classification
• Phylum- Protozoa
• Class- Sporozoa
• Order- Haemosporidia
• Genus- Plasmodium
There are 60 types of plasmodium , in this four species are pathogenic
1. Plasmodium vivax- Very common
2. Plasmodium falciparum- Most lethal species
3. Plasmodium malariae- Less harmful
4. Plasmodium ovale- Absent in India and present in Philippines and Africa.

6. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

10. PRE ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
First life cycle of Plasmodium in liver.
Plasmodium starts its life cycle from liver as:-
• To prevent itself from phagocytic action of WBC.
• It uses glycogen as food and liver is rich in glycogen.
• To multiply in number.

11. ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
Within the red cells the parasites grow in a
membrane- bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing
haemoglobin through secreted enzymes.
• A) Continuation of asexual reproduction - Most of
the parasites develop into Trophozoites → Schizont →
multiple chromatin in schizonts develop into
Merozoites → Red cell lysis & merozoites infect other
red cells.
B) Production of gametocytes - Some parasites
develop into sexual forms called Gametocytes →
infect the mosquito.

13. Loss of Aptitude
Nausea & Constipation
Headache
Fever-106 Degree C/48 Hrs
Muscular pain & Joint Ache pain
Shaking chillness
Sweating
Anaemia
Malaria Symptoms

14. Control and Prevention
• Destruction of Mosquitoes and its larvae
• Spraying DDT in and around house
• Sterilization of Mosquitoes
• Bio-control
• Applying cream
• Using synthetic drug

15. Treatment
• Following Drugs
• Quinine
• Daraprim
• Chloroquine
• Plasmoquine