Base information on Circulatory system and circulatory media and its components and functions

1. Dr. T. RAMESH
Assistant Professer of Zoology
Vivekananda College
Tiruvedakam, Madurai
Tamil Nadu
CIRCULATION

2. Circulation
Types of Circulatory System
Circulatory Organs
Circulatory Media
Mechanism of Blood Circulation in Man
Outline

3.  Circulation- The movement of body fluids (Blood and
Lymph) from one parts of the body to other parts
 Cardiovascular or Vascular system
Transport- Nutrients and O2 to the cells,
CO2 and Excretory products from the cells
Prevent- Infection of Microorganisms
Regulate- Body Temperature
Involves- in Osmoregulation
Introduction
Depiction of the heart, major veins and arteries

4. William Harvey
William Harvey
(1578–1657)
Nationality: British
Education: University of Cambridge
Contribution: The father of modern
physiology, was the first researcher
to discovery the circulation of blood
through the body.

5. The animal possess two types of circulation
1.Open Type Circulation
i. Blood comes out of the blood vessels
ii. The internal organ directly bathed in the blood
Example. Leeches, Molluscs, Arthropods
2. Closed Type Circulation
i. Flow of blood inside the blood vessels
ii. It does not come out of the blood vessels
Example. Vertebrates
Types of Circulation

6. Flow of blood in various Circulatory system
Open
circulatory
Heart
Artery
Blood sinus
Vein Closed
circulatory
Heart
Artery
Capillaries
Vein

7. Major Components
• Pump (heart)
– Continuously circulates blood
• Network of tubes
– Arteries- blood away from heart
– Veins- blood back to the heart
– Capillaries – connective link of arterioles and
venules
• Blood
– Fluid that fills the circulatory system

8. Heart
TYPES OF HEART
1 Pulsatile heart
2 Tubular heart
3 Chambered heart
4 Accessory heart
5 Myogenic heart
6 Neurogenic heart
Heart is the central muscular pumping organ
Six kinds of heart

9. Chambered Heart
Two chambered- Example - Fishes
Three chambered – Example- Amphibians, Reptiles
Four chambered – Example- Mammals

10. Human Heart
• The human heart has four chambers
– Left and right ventricle
– Left and right atrium
• The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the
body
• while the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs where oxygen can be absorbed by the
hemoglobin carrying red blood cells

11. Hydrolymph Nematodes,
Rotifers
Haemolymph
Arthropods,
Molluscs
Lymph
Some
vertebrates
Blood
Many of the
vertebrates
Circulatory Media

12. Human Blood
It is a fluid tissue
Reddish colour
It is made to flow by the pumping action of the heart
Adult human consist 5 litres of blood
 Components -Plasma and Formed elements

13. Blood Plasma
It is a liquid portion of blood
Out of 5 litre 3.5 litre is plasma
90 % of water and 10 % of
Organic and inorganic substances
(glucose, enzymes, hormones,
minerals etc.,)
200-300 g of plasma proteins –
Total volume of blood

14. Formed Elements
There are three types of cellular elements
RBC- Erythrocytes (5 million/mm3)
WBC- Leucocytes (7000/ mm3)
Platelets

15. RBC
Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC)
Non Nucleated, Biconcave Disc
Adult Male- 5 million/mm3 & Female 4.5 million/mm3
Developed from the Bone marrow
Lifespan-120 days / Renewed 0.83 % / day

16. RBC
Protein & Non-Protein
4 Molecules Haem+1 molecules of Globin= Haemoglobin

17. WBC
White Blood Corpuscles (WBC)
Leucocytes- Leucos- Colour less, Cyton- Cell
Nucleated and amoeboid, but no heamoglobin
Developed in bone marrow, Adult 7000 /mm3
Lifespan is longer than the RBC
WBC -Group Cells Volume Function
Granulocytes Neutrophils 70 % Phagocytosis
Eosinophils 1-4% Destruction
Basophils 0-4% Anticoagulation
Agranulocytes Lymphocytes 25-30%
Monocytes 5-10 % Engulf the bacteria

19. Platelets
Oval to spherical in shape, size- 2-3mm.
Total cell 250, 000-450,000 mm3
Lifespan is 9-15 days
It initiate the blood clotting and repair the capillaries

20. Mechanism of circulation

21. Respiration
Respiration
External nostrils or Mouth
Nasal cavity
Internal nostril
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Alveolar sac/ Air Sac
CO2
Capillary
O2
Air Sac
RBC
Exchange of gases in
Alveolus

22. Tissue Respiration
Interchange of Gases in the tissues
It is also a internal respiration
Cells take up O2 from haemoglobin and the blood
from the cells
Capillary
RBC
Cells
O2
CO2

23. Mechanisms Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of nutrients was occurred at the digestive system
Place of nutrients is exchange - Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Glucose
Blood Vessels
Intestine cells with Na+ Receptors

24. Man contains 150-250 mg / 100 ml of blood
In children the cholesterol level is low. It gradually
increases with age
Above the normal is called- Hyper and Low Hypo
cholesterolaemia
Hyper cholestrolaemia-leads deposition of cholesterol on
arteries
Blood Cholesterol level

25. Blood sugar
• Sugar is in the farm of Glucose
•Normal healthy man consists 100 mg/ 100 ml of blood
• Hyperglycemia – Above the normal
•Hypoglycemia- Below the normal
•Control- Insulin
Glycogenesis- Converted into glycogen, stored at Liver muscles
Lipogenesis- Converted into fat, stored at Adipose tissues
Glycogenolysis- Converted Glycogen into Glucose, Fall of Glucose
Gluconeogenesis- Absence of Glycogen, other farm is converted into Glucose
Glycolysis- Excess of sugar used for Kerbs cycle

26. Heart Failure
“The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the
body’s requirement is called heart failure”
1. Low output heart failure
2. High output heart failure
3. Backward heart failure
4. Forward heart failure
5. Congestive heart failure
6. Left ventricular heart failure
7. Right ventricular heart failure

27. Heart Failure
“The inability of heart to maintain a circulation sufficient to meet the body’s
requirement is called heart failure”
1. Coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease of the
arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart, causes decreased blood
flow to the heart muscle. If the arteries become blocked or severely
narrowed, the heart becomes starved for oxygen and nutrients.
2. Heart attack. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes
suddenly blocked, stopping the flow of blood to the heart muscle.
3. Cardiomyopathy. Damage to the heart muscle from causes other than
artery or blood flow problems, such as from infections or alcohol .
4. Conditions that overwork the heart. Conditions including high blood
pressure, valve disease, thyroid disease, kidney disease, diabetes, or heart
defects present at birth can all cause heart failure. In addition, heart failure
can occur when several diseases or conditions are present at once.

28. Tips for Heart Care
Quit smoking now. Twelve months after quitting, your increased risk of dying from
heart disease will be half that of a continuing smoker.
Improve your diet. Include wholegrain cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, seeds and
nuts in your diet and lower your risk of heart disease.
Exercise regularly. Walk briskly for 30 minutes a day and reduce your risk of heart
attack by one third.
Maintain your friendships. People with supportive friendship networks are at less
risk of heart disease.
Eat more fish. Oily fish like tuna, sardines or salmon are rich in omega-3 fatty acids
and will boost your good cholesterol.
Switch your chocolate choice. Switch from milk chocolate to dark chocolate. When
eaten in moderation, dark chocolate is good for your heart.
Limit your alcohol. It is recommended you limit yourself to no more than two
standard glasses of alcohol a day if you are a man, or one glass a day if you are a
woman.
Avoid salty and high sodium foods. Don’t add salt when preparing or eating your
meals.
Have a diabetes test. Uncontrolled diabetes can damage your artery walls and
contribute to heart disease.
Make fitness fun. Choose activities that combine exercise and socialising like pilates,
water aerobics, dancing, cycling or yoga.

29. References
Arumugam, N. and Mariakuttian A. (2013) Animal Physiology, Saras
publication, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu India pp. 558.
Pranav Kumar and Usha Mina (2011) Life Science Fundamentals and
Practice. Part II. Pathfinder Academy, New Delhi, India. Pp-588.

30. Thank you