study note presentation on correctional setting in the filed of social work.

1. Correctional Setting in the
filed of Social work
Presented by:
Rahul Mahida

2. INTRODUCTION
• Correctional machinery is an integral part of the criminal justice
system. If the purpose of the system is to achieve prevention of
crimes the system cannot afford to leave the correctional and
rehabilitative aspect unattended.
• The Indian system takes care of such things in prison Act, prisoners
Act, Jail Manual etc. lt is interesting to see how the French
Pondicherry differed from the Indian Pondicherry in the matter of
correction and rehabilitation and what impact does this has on the
public

3. • What is crime..?????
An action or omission that constitutes that offense that may be
prosecuted by state and its punishable
• A crime is an act that breaks a law that relates to how to behave in
society. The harm caused by act is seen to be against society as a
whole, not just a specific person.
• Who is criminal..?
• Criminal, felon, crook,outlaw,malefactor some one who has
committed (or been legally convicted of) a crime therefore,
committing one crime makes a man criminal
A person charged with and convicted of crime
A person who commits a crime for living
Guilty of crime
Some one who helps a another person commit a crime

4. Continue..
A person who illegally sets fire to property
A person who extorts money from some one by threatening to expose
embarrassing information about them
Someone who makes or sell illegal
Someone who sought by law officers: someone trying to elude justice
A corrupt politician
A someone forces another to have sexual intercourse
etc……

5. • Man's approach to criminals can be conveniently summarised as a succession of four
R's. Revenge, Restraint, Reformation and Reintegration. With the addition of each ‘R’
important changes were made in correctional process.
• Until about the middle of the eighteenth century, Revenge was the primary response
to crime. Correction was motivated principally by punishment and retribution, the
State taking upon itself the tasks of vengeance that earlier had fallen to a victim's
Neighbours or kinsmen. Banishment and corporal and capital punishment were
techniques employed on offenders for their transgressions. It was also believed that
corporal punishments and execution would exorcise the evil spirits that were seen as
the cause of a person's criminal tendencies, thereby preventing harm and
contamination of the innocent.
DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTIONAL PHILOSOPHY:

6. • In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, an important revolution in
correctional philosophy took place by the growth of western democracy and the
influence of contemporary rational philosophers and legal scholars. Criminals came to
be seen not as possessed by evil, but as persons who had deliberately chosen to violate
the law because it gave them pleasure or profit.
• The need for a rational and equitable correctional system was felt in the eighteenth
century. Under such view, reactions to crime should be rationally based on a pleasure
pain principle. Less punishment for less severe crimes and harsh punishments for
serious crimes was the motto. Punishment commensurate with the severity of the crime
came up in this context as the major correctional tool. It also posed a better substitute
for corporal and capital punishment in the light of humanitarianism, which had become
the prevalent approach of the time.
• Then, correctional institutions became places for "reflection in solitude leading to
repentance and redemption". Simultaneously, it was thought that institutionalisation
would be a lessor, evil teaching that crime does not pay. Thus, Restraint was the
correctional philosophy during this period, and the architectural designs of correctional
institutions were such that communicating within and without were reduced to the
minimum.

7. • Reformation, the third was introduced in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The
spirit of reformation was reflected as early as in 1870.
• When American prison Association (known as the American correctional Association) established as
its goal: "reformation not vindictive suffering, is the purpose of penal treatment". This second
revolution came about as a direct response to the inadequacy of institutionalisation, but it has gained
impetus through the growth of Freudian psychology and the social sciences‘ institutionalisation had
not worked as an impartial and uniform reaction to crime. At the same time, the number of inmates
confined continued to increase, resulting in increasingly overcrowded institutions. Treatment, rather
than punishment, was called for; professionalism and specialization rather than a generalized
response came to be accepted.
• The Reformation movement thus introduced a complex approach to corrections extending far beyond
just confinement and punishment. Many of today's correctional systems and programmes are the
product of the Reformation era, although there are varying degrees of sophistication in their
practices. However, reformation is still part of the present approach in corrections, although it does
not constitute the ultimate goal. A fourth revolution apparently has come, bringing in this concept of
Reintegration. The general feeling is that focus only upon reforming the offender is inadequate and
restrictive.
• Successful rehabilitation is a two-sided coin, including reformation on one side and reintegration on
the other. offender to deal with compelling pressures that are exerted upon him by person living in his
community, by social, educational and economic pressures, and by our overall culture and
subcultures. Only by such preparation offenders will successfully return to society as productive
citizens.

8. • Rehabilitation as a Primary objective The intended goal of corrections today is to protect society by
controlling offenders and preventing crime. Restraining the offender in custody protects society from
crimes which he might otherwise commit; nevertheless, the constraint is merely temporary.
Incarceration, custody, or institutionalization still has a role in the system, but it has come to be the
least desired or the last resort.
• Actually, offenders cannot be confined indefinitely, and this fact is obvious since the same laws which
convict also provide for release. To be positive and truly "correctional", corrections must aim at
returning offenders to society as law-abiding, taxpaying citizens.
• To achieve this end, the functions of correctional systems and programmes should lead to
rehabilitation and reintegration equipping the offenders to return to society as productive, law-abiding
citizens and, consequently re-establishing the community's acceptance and faith. Even when
incarceration is inevitable, treatment 467 rather than custody should be the ultimate objective during
confinement, in order to facilitate the return of the offender to society.
• Thus, rehabilitation is the primary objective in corrections; but in order to prevent recidivism which is
a measure of failure in rehabilitation, a secondary, if not equally important, target is reintegration -
community acceptance of the offender. The above objectives are the basis upon which the existing
correctional systems and programs are constructed and they signify, too, the direction toward which
correctional improvement must move.
Rehabilitation as a Primary objective

9. Criminology
• Criminology is scientific study of the nature extent, Management,
control, consequences and prevention Of criminal behavior, both
on the individual and social Levels.
Criminology word derived from Latin word ‘crimen’ it means accusation and
word logia means study.
• Use of social work methods in correctional settings
• Social Casework in correctional settings
• Social Group work in correctional settings
• Community Organization in correctional settings
• Social Action in correctional settings
• Social work Research and social welfare in correctional settings

10. Social Casework in correctional settings
 Social case work involves a close face to face relationship mainly
basis in working people and their problem.
The practice of the case work is being governed by five basic
assumption that are helpful in serving the offender and they are as
follows..
1) Every individual must be seen as a person of worth and dignity .
2) Behavior, whether acceptable unacceptable to the community, express a
need of the individual;
3) An individual can and will change herhis behavior if the right time and in
the right amount
4) If the offer of help is given before the problem become serious aggravated,
the response is likely to be better; and
5) The family is the most influence force in the development of personality in
the crucial early years.

11. Social Groupwork in correctional settings
Group work with delinquents and adult offenders is often seen as a powerful
techuque for modifying behaviour and attidude the purpose of group in
correctional settings is
1) To strengthen the emotional security of the offender within the
framework of the group so that he does not feel alone and helpless but also
moves towards not being wholly dependent on it.
2) To strengthen the offender’s independence by helping him to actually
participate in the group discussion, and not to submit to a gang leader or a
powerful sub-group.
3) The introduction of an adult (group worker) who represent the values of a
society offenders often reject, but who, because of his accepting attitude
represent adult security and love.
4) To provide an opportunity to gain inner resilience and status with the
group through accomplishment in activities by society

12. Community organization in correctional
setting
• Community organization has an important role in rehabilitation and
reintegration of released offenders into the society. At the same time
community organization is used widely for the prevention of crime and
delinquency.
• The convicts after completing the sentence face problems in the
adjustment with family,relatives, peer group neighbourhood and
employment.
• Social workers consider family to be an important unit that can provide
support released that offenders take care of his various needs. For this
social worker has to mobilize the resources for meeting the needs of
individuals and establishing support groups on whom one can rely upon, as
and when needed.

13. Social action in correctional settings
• Social action has too important role to play in the field of corrections.
Among others, the process of Public Interest Litigation(PIL) could be
mentioned in this regard. The under-trials are kept in the jail for years
without their cases even being precessed, let alone decided.
• In such cases social workrs have approached the court to get justice
for such under trails that have spent more years in judicial custody
then required in the jails just waiting for their trails to begin.

14. Social work research and social welfare in
correctional settings
• There is need to evaluate the current programmes and service in filed of
corrections bring about improvement in this settings.
• Extensive research studies are required ‘in order to select alternative to the
institutional care.
• At the same time, it is desirable to measure the relative efficacy of
institutional and non-institutional services in the field of corrections.
• The social work professional could do some work with other personnel in
the correctional setting.
• Custodial staff is generally overburdened with the security duties.
• One after comes cross the question weather custodial staff such as warder,
head warder, assistant jailor, deputy jailors, jailors, etc., are meant only for
custody and not for correctional treatment.

15. • Is correctional treatment the responsibility of
welfare officer, doctor or psychiatrist only..? It
seems to be a misleading dichotomy.
• Social worker should conduct some trainings
and some activities for change the attitude
and behavior of offender’s and them to adjust
with the society.

16. Correctional institutions
• Correctional institution is nothing but the penal of institution maintained by the government
Types of
correctional
institutions
Institutional
treatment
1) Prisons
2) Observation homes
3)Special homes
4)Children homes
5)After-care organization
6)Protective home for
women
7)Short stay home
Beggars home
Non-institutional
treatment
1) Probation
2)Parole
Hybrid treatment
1)Community
service
2) Work release

17. Institutional treatment
• Correctional institutional as social system is at best a difficult are re-
socialites.
1) Prisons :-
• prisons deal with offenders who are
ineligible or inappropriate for community
based programs. Prisons are places where
the goals of punishment, including
rehabilitation, could be accomplished.
• Prisons are the place in which criminals
could be securely confined and this
containment function had continued to
predominate in spite of the gradual
emergence of other alms for imprisonment,
such as deterrence or rehabilitation.

18. 2.Observation homes:
Observation homes established for the
temporary of any juvenile in conflict with law
during the pendency of a case before the
juvenile justice board.
Every juvenile who is not placed under the
change of parent or guardian is sent to an
observation home.
S(he) initially kept in a reception unit of the
observation home for preliminary enquiries.
Care and classification of the juveniles is done
according to his/her age group, such as 7-12
years, 12-16 years and 16-18 years, giving due to
consideration to physical and mental status and
degree offence committed,

19. 3.Special homes
Under juvenile justice (care
and protection) Act, 2000 state
government is empowered for
establishing and maintaining
special homes for reformation and
rehabilitation of juveniles in conflict
with law.
Such homes are maintained
by the government or by certified
voluntary organization. In these
homes, various types of services
are provided which necessary for
the re-socialise of a juvenile.

20. 4.Children homes:-
Children homes are contemplated for the
reception of children in need of care and protection
during the pendency of enquiry even for their stay
as case may be.
Every child’s home is provided with facilities of
accommodation, maintenance, education,
vocational training, rehabilitation and development
character and abilities

21. 5.After-care organizations
These organizations are meant for the juveniles
discharge from the children’s homes and special homes. The
purpose of the aftercare organization is help in the
rehabilitation and resettlement of children through
extended educational and vocational training facilities
including job placement.
The stay in aftercare organization is restricted to a
maximum of three years over seventeen years age till s(he)
attains the age of till s(he) attains the age of 20years on the
basis of a discharge report prepared by competent authority

22. 6. Protective home for women
The protective home and corrective institutions
are established Under the Immoral Traffic (prevention)
Act by Directorate of Social Welfare. It admits girls and
women, who are rescued from brothels, are abducted
and kidnapped (section 366IPC), raped (section 376IPC)
and are in moral danger.
The girl and women can get admission only
through the orders of the court and will continue to
stay till the Court gives the order for her restoration or
rehabilitation.

23. 7. Short stay homes:-
It is institution established under the Immoral Traffic (prevention)
Act (ITPA) by Government/Union Territory Administration. The purpose is to
provide ort temporary shelter to the needy women/girls in distress, pending
their restoration or readjustment in their families or admission in suitable
institutes.
The short stay home provides admission to girls and women in the
age group of 18 to 45years.Who are destitute distress deserted or are in moral
danger. The duration of stay in short stay home is districted to 6 months. the
home provides safe custody, boarding. lodging ,food, clothing medical care and
vocational training like tailoring and knitting.
it provides specialties like food, shelter, accommodation, medical care
non formal education and vocational training.
the superintendent of short stay home makes all efforts to restore or,
reintegrate the women/girl in her family or through marriage

24. 8.Beggars home:-
These homes are established under the Anti-Beggary laws of
the state government. Unfortunately, there is no Anti-Beggary Act
formulated at the national level. These Acts are formulated by the
state at their own initiatives.
Reception centers and Bagger Homes are established under
the Act. The Beggar’s home provides specialties like food, shelter,
accommodation, medical care, non-formal education and vocational
training to beggars so they are economically rehabilitated into
society.

25. Non-institutional
• These are community-based correctional programmes that help in
the reintegration of offenders.
• Community-based correction is an effective method of accomplishing
the changes in the behavior of the offender by helping him to become
a law-abiding citizen.

26. 1.Probation:-
• The term probation is used denote the status of a
person placed on probation, to refer to the subsystem of
the criminal justice system. Probation is an alternative to
the prison/special home.
• It is a sentence that does not involve confinement but
may involve conditions imposed by the CourtJuvenile
Justice Board, usually under the supervision of a probation
officer.

27. 2. parole
• Parole is a treatment programme in which the offender, after
serving part of a term in correctional institution, is
conditionally released under the supervision and treatment
of a Parole Officer.
• Parole is not of every individual in prison. It is viewed as a
privilege granted to a prisoner for good behavior and process
while in prison and is considered useful in rehabilitation
outside the prison.

28. Hybrid Programmes
1. Community service
Community service, the offenders must give personal time to
perform takes that are valued in the community. This programme is
especially meant for juvenile and adolescents who are placed in
community service organization .

29. 2. Work release:-
• In work release programme. The inmates are released
from incarceration to work. They enable the offenders to
engage in positive contacts with the community, assuming
of course, that work placement is satisfactory.
• They permits offenders to provide some support for
themselves and their families. This can eliminates the self-
concept of failure that may be the result of loss the
supportive role.

30. Social work intervention in correctional
settings
It is presumed that in all the correctional institutions, a trained
social worker is employed. They are referred by different designation
as caseworker, welfare officer, social worker, probation officer,etc.
keeping this in mind view, one can presume that some degree of
social work intervention is expected in the institutional and non
institutional interventions in this settings.

31. Conclusion
Social work has a significant role to play in the field of
corrections. With its goal of restoring and enhancing the social
functioning ,social work professionals help the offenders in correcting
and modifying their personality and to reintegrate them back into the
society.

32. THANK YOU
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Presented by
Rahul Mahida