The First Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Massacre

1. The First Northern Expedition & The
Shanghai Massacre
By: Olivia Bray, Shania To and Amelia King

2. Chiang Kai-Shek
● Guomindang and the Communists joined up
● Chiang Kai-Shek was the leader of the Huangpu academy
● Military and tactical/structural advice from Russia strengthened it
● March 1925: Sun Yat-Sen dies of cancer
● Kai-Shek becomes commander-in-chief of the new army
● 500 trained officers

3. First Northern Expedition
● July 1926 - Chiang Kai-Shek starts a march to the North
● Wanted to conquer China and bring it together
● With army - sent political agents ahead to create support
● Promised a ‘national revolution’ and ‘new order’ - lots of supporters
● September 1926 - Hankow captured and government set up
● 1927 - Nanjing captured and government set up
● Key areas of China conquered
● Not much fighting - quite easy
● Lots of support
● Warlords had mutinies
● Bribery

4. Success?
● Completed in 1928 - 2 years
● Gave Chiang opportunity to crush CCP
● Defeat of Warlord Era
● Limited success
● Not all warlords crush
● Many allowed to keep private armies
● Some offered positions in GMD

5. Shanghai Massacre
● April 1927
● Chiang wanted to minimise CCP power
● Spread to Nanjing and Guangzhou
● Purged communists in Shanghai - Hundreds were rounded up, arrested
and tortured
● Checked for red CCP stain on neck
● CCP members shot on streets
● Triads and Chinese Mafia killed 5000 known CCP members
● Autumn Harvest Rising 1927 CCP revolt but lost
● Mao and surviving supporters fled to Jianxi mountains in an attempt to
remain united front

6. Anti-Communism in the World
● Europe
○ Germany, Berlin
■ Spartacist Uprising 1919
● Spartacists fed up with having to depend on socialist parties
● Wanted power to German workers
○ Italian Fascism
○ Poland
● America
● First Red Scare [ 1918 - 1920 ]
● Paranoia about rise of Communism
● Provoked by Russian Bolshevik revolution
● Rise of Capitalism
● Anarchists did not like Communism
● Religion is against Communism
○ Catholicism
○ Buddhism