Research variable - Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are concepts at different levels of the abstraction that are concisely defined to promote their measurement or manipulation with in study. A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study.

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Research Variables
&
Research Objective
By
Mr. Ravi Rai Dangi
Assistant Professor
Fellowship in Neonatal Nursing
MSc. Child Health Nursing

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Research Variable
 A variable is a concept or abstract idea that can be
described in measurable terms.
 In research, this term refers to the measurable
characteristics, qualities, traits, or attributes of a
particular individual, object, or situation being studied.
 Anything that can vary can be considered a variable.
For instance, age can be considered a variable because
age can take different values for different people or for
the same person at different times.

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• Similarly, Income can be considered a variable
because a person's Income can be assigned a value
• Variables are qualities, properties or characteristics
of person, things or situation that change or vary
• Chinn and Kramer stated that variables are
concepts at different levels of the abstraction that
are concisely defined to promote their
measurement or manipulation with in study.

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Types
 Independent and dependent variables
 Research variables
 Demographic variables
 Extraneous variables

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Independent and Dependent variables
 These two variables that are interrelated and
mainly observed in correlational and experimental
studies.
Independent Variables
It is a stimulus or activity or manipulation by the
researcher to create the effect on the dependent
variables.

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 An independent variable is defines as the variable
that is changed or controlled in a scientific
experiment. It represents the cause or reason for an
outcome.
 Independent variables are the variables that the
experimenter changes to test their dependent
variable.
 A change in the independent variable directly causes
a change in the dependent variable. The effect on the
dependent variable is measured and recorded.

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Dependent variables
 It is the outcome or response due to effect of the
independent variables which researcher want to
predict or explain.
 The dependent variable is the condition that you
measure in an experiment.
 You are assessing how it responds to a change in the
independent variable, so you can think of it as
depending on the independent variable. Sometimes
the dependent variable is called the "responding
variable."

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Research variables
 In descriptive, exploratory, comparative and
qualitative research studies variables are observed or
measured in natural setting as they exist without any
manipulation or imposing the new protocol or
treatment, called as research variables.
Example
 An exploratory study on factors contributing to
sleep disturbances among patients admitted in
selected ICU of AIIMS Delhi.

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Demographic Variables
 In most of the researches studies, researcher make
the attempts to the study the sample characteristics
and present them in research findings.
 Sometimes researcher even try to establish the
relation of demographic variables with the research
variables.

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Extraneous Variables
 Extraneous variables are those factor that are not
the part of the study but may affect the study. These
variables are usually recognize and controlled by
researcher in quasi experimental or experimental
studies.
 Generally for specific research design and sample
inclusion and exclusion criteria are used to control
the influence of extraneous variables

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Example –
A study is conducted to assess the effect of two
different pin site care protocols on prevention of pin
site infection among patient with external skeletal
fixation.
 Independent variable – Pin site care protocols
 Dependent Variables- pin site infection
 In this the dependent variables, pin site infection may
also be affected by some other factors like low Hb,
higher blood sugar level these are extraneous factors.

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Research Objective

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Research Objective
• In general, research objectives describe what we
expect to achieve by a project.
• A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative
statement, which provides direction to investigate
the variables under the study.

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• Research objective are the results sought by the
researcher at the end of the research process. i.e.
what researcher wants to achieve at the end of the
research study .
• The objectives of the research study summarizes
what is to be achieved by the study. Objective should
be closely related to statement of the problems.

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Characteristics
• SMART –
Specific – Measurable – Attainable- Realistic-
Time Bound
• Should be relevant, feasible, logical, observable,
Unequivocal and measureable
• The objective of the research project summarizes
what is to be achieved.

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• The objective includes obtaining answers to research
questions or testing the research hypotheses.
• Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably
achieved within the excepted timeframe and with the
available resources.

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Need of research Objective
 Focus- with clearly defined objective researcher can
focus on the study. If researcher know what they
have to achieve ultimately, they will concentrate on
the ways to achieve it.
 Avoid- The formulation of the research objective
helps to researcher to avoid the collection of the data
which are not strictly necessary fo understanding
and solving the problem that researcher has to
define.

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 Organize- The formulating of the objective
organizes the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
 Directions- Properly formulated, specific objectives
will facilitate the development of research
methodology and will help to orient the collection,
analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.

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Types of Research Objective
 General Objective- general objective are broad goals
to be achieved. The general objective of the study states
what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in
general terms. General objective usually less in numbrs.
 Specific Objective- Specific objective are for short
term and narrow in focus. General objective can be
broken into small logically connected parts to form
specific objectives. These are more in numbers.

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Examples-
A quasiexpermiental study on the effect of ginger on
morning sickness among pregnant women in selected
area of Gwalior.
General Objective-
 To assess the effect of ginger on morning sickness
among pregnant women.
Specific Objective-
 To determine the prevalence of morning sickness in
pregnancy
 To determine the fetotoxic effect of ginger.

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 A study to explore the selected functional health
problems among the senior citizens residing in elder
homes of pune city.
 A exploratory study to assess barriers, motivators
and enablers for dispensing multifocal contact lenses
in Mumbai, India
 An exploratory study of common ocular morbidities
among elderly population in the wardha, district,
Maharashtra, India