IPM in Oilseeds

ENT-510 Principles of IPM
Presentation on
IPM in Oilseeds
Presented to: Presented by:
Dr. M. Raghuraman Ranjeet Verma
Dept. of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology M. Sc. ( Ag) Part- II
Institute of Ag. Sciences, B H U, Varanasi Entomology & Agricultural Zoology

Definition of IPM
“Integrated pest control is a pest management system
that, in the context of associated environment and
population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all
suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a
manner as possible and maintain pest populations at
levels below those causing economic injury”. - FAO
"Integrated pest management is a sustainable
approach to managing pests by combining biological,
physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes
economic, health, and environmental risks". -
(NCIPM,1994)

Edible crops
Mustard
Soybean
Ground nut
Sunflower
Safflower
Sesame
Non-edible crops
Castor
Linseed
Major oil seed crops grown in India

Insect-pests of Mustard
I. Key Pest
Name of pests Damaging stages Pictures
Mustard aphid
Lipaphis erysimi
Aphididae: Homoptera
Both adults and nymphs
suck the sap from under
surface of leaves, tender
twigs
II. Major Pests
Saw fly
Athalia lugens proxima
Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera
Larvae feeds on leaves
i.e early instars it nibbles
the leaves as a result
there is slight curling

Pea leaf miner
Chromatomyia horticola
Agromyzidae: Diptera
Maggots makes small
punctures in the leaf
epidermis and whitish,
irregularly linear mines
Painted bug
Bagrada cruciferarum
Pentatomidae: Hemiptera
suck the sap from the
leaves and tender parts
including pods

III. Minor Pests
Cabbage butter fly
Pieris brassicae
Pieridae: Lepidoptera
Caterpillar alone feeds
on leaves, young shoots
and green pods
Diamond back-moth
Plutella xylostella
Plutellidae: Lepidoptera
Larvae feed on the leaves
as a result bored holes
on the leaves
Green peach aphid
Myzus persicae
Aphididae: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults
damage the plants by
actively sucking the sap
after the appearance of
inflorescence
Flea beetle
Phyllotreta cruciftrae
Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera
Feed on leaves and pods

IPM Practices in Mustard
 Cultural practices-
1. Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae and eggs.
2. To maintain clean cultivation.
3. Early sowing should be done (before 20th of October)
4. Inter cropping-
Mustard+Linseed, Mustard+Fenugreek,
Mustard+gram, Mustard+Wheat, Mustard+potato.
5. Apply balanced / recommended dosages of fertilizers(60kg
N-60kg P2O5-40K2O).
6. Use mustard aphid tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501
7. Grow tolerate / Resistant cv. RTM-730, TMB-2008, RTM-
314, TMB-2007, RTM-2002, T-27, PC-5-17, Pusa swirnim,
Kiran, JM-927.

7. Apply irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for
saw fly management, because most of the larva die
due to drowning effect ( sink in water)
8. Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be
done.
9. Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages
of insect do not reach the next year crop.
11. The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem
which can be jerked to dislodged them and killed in
kerosinized water.
12. Harvest the crop at golden stage.
13. Removal of alternate host plants from the
surroundings of the field is beneficial.

 Mechanical practices-
1. Collection and destruction of larvae of
saw fly in morning and evening hours.
2. Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as
an anti-feedant.
3. Set-up yellow sticky trap to monitor the
aphid population.
4. Installing pheromone trap @ 5 traps /
acre to monitor the moth activity.
5. Collection and destruction of the larvae
at gregarious stage at least twice a week.
6. Collect and destroy the gregarious form
of larvae in 5% kerosinized
water(cabbage butterfly).

 Biological control- To conserve the following natural
enemies
1. Lady bird beetles (adult @ 5000/ha) -
Coccinella septumpunctata
Menochilus sexmaculata
Hippodamia variegata
Cheilomenes vicina
2. Adult beetle may feed on average of 10-15 adults
insect per day.
3. Several species of Syrphids-
Eristallis spp.
Metasyrphus spp.
Xanthogramma spp.
Syrphus spp.

3. The green lace wing , Chrysoperla cornea
predaceous on mustard aphid colony
4.The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiella rapae are
very active bio control agent cause the
mummification of aphids.
5.A number of entomophagus fungi :
Cephalosporium aphidicola
Entomophthora coronata
Verticillium lecanii
6.Conserve Cotesia plutellae, as it is an important
parasitoid for DBM, Diadegma insulare is also
most important parasitoid for DBM

 Chemical control-
1. Spray the crop when the infestation on at least 10%
plant population with 26-28 aphids/ plant is
observed.
2. The economic thresh-hold level (ETL)
recommended for different states should be followed
3. Spray the crop with quinalphos 25EC @ 625ml in
500-600 lit. of water / ha once in October and again
in March – April.
4. Spray the crop with any one of the following
Insecticides at flowering stage
Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC or
Dimethoate 30 EC

 For aphid-
1. Chlorpyriphos 20%EC 200ml in200-400l of water /acre.
2. Dimethoate 30%EC@264ml in 200-400l of water.
 For painted bug-
1. Dichlorvos 76%EC @250.8 ml in 200-400l of water/acre.
2. Imidacloprid 70%WS 700g/100kg seed.
 For mustard saw fly-
1. Dimethoate 30%EC @264ml in 200-400 l of water /acre.
2. Quinalphos 25% EC@480ml in 200-400l of water/acre.
3. Imidacloprid 70%WS@ 700g/100Kg seeds.

Seed corn maggot
Delia (Hylemia) platura
Anthomyiidae: Diptera
Feed on the cotyledons,
seeds may fail to germinate
Seedling stage cut worm
Agrotis ipsilon
A. flammatra
Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Caterpillars cut young
plants at ground level and
feed on them
Field crickets
Gryllus sp.
Gryllidae: Orthoptera
Damage the germinating
seeds and cut the standing
seedlings
Insect-pests of Soybean

Surface grass hopper
Chrotogonus oxypterus
Acrididae: Orthoptera
Nymphs & adults eat leaves
and tender shoots and also
cut the tips of germinating
seedling
White grub
Holotrichia consanguinea
Melolonthidae: Coleoptera
Grubs cut off the roots and
adults defoliate the plants at
night
Stem fly
Melanagromyza sojae
Causes tunneling in main
stems, branches and
petioles and in early stage,
death of the seedling

Leaf hoppers
Amrasca biguttula biguttula
Cicadellidae: Hemiptera
Nymphs & adults suck
juice from the small veins
which causes down ward
curling or cupping of the
leaf edge
White fly
Bemisia tabaci
Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera
Sap sucking form growing
parts and vector of Y. M. V.
Green Slug Caterpillar
Zizeria lysimon
Lycaeniidae: Lepidoptera
Larvae feed on the leaves
especially on the thick
embryonic ones

Thrips
Thrips tabaci
Thripidae: Thysanoptera
Eat chlorophyll on the
lower surface of the leaves,
in severe infestation leaves
wither, fall off & seedling
look sickly
Blue beetle
Altica coerulea
Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera
Beetles scratch the
cotyledons or consume
them from margin & feed
on young leaves
White spotted flea beetle
Monolepta signata
(Chrysomelidae: coleoptera
Beetles feed on leaves of
seedlings

Green Stink Bug
Nezara viridula
Pentatomidae : Hemiptera
Nymphs & adults suck the
sap from the leaves and
pods
Leygaed bug
Chauliops fallax
Lygaedae : Hemiptera
Nymphs & adults suck the
vital cell sap from leaves,
tender shoots, buds, flowers
& pods.
Gram pod borer
Helicovepa armigera
Noctuidae : Lepidoptera
Caterpillars feed on leaves,
flowers and pods

IPM Practices in Soybean
 Cultural Methods-
1. Early sown crop (by end of June to first week of July )
showed less infestation of stem fly, girdle beetles and leaf
miner, cutworm.
2. Deep ploughing destructs the eggs of grass hoppers, exposes
the adults of white grub and pupae of lepidopteran pests for
insectivorous birds and sun.
3. Mixed cropping with soybean + ground nut showed
minimum population of defoliators.
4. Clean cultivation almost all insect pests of soybean have
many alternative food plants so the uneconomic food
plants(weeds) in and around soybean fields should be
removed.

5. Cultivation of trap crops-
Lucerne crop --------------trap leaf miner
Lady’s finger, Maize-------trap grey weevils
Chillies, bittergourd, cowpea ------ trap girdle beetle
6. Use of resistant varieties like PS-1092, PS-1092, PS-564, PK-
327, Shilajeet, VLS- 2, VLS- 21, VLS- 47, Shivalik etc. for hill
region and PK- 416, PS-1024, PS-1042, PS-1241, PS-1347 etc.
for tarai region.

 Physical and Mechanical Control-
1. Temperature & Humidity: Low moisture content in grains- low
infestation of stored grain insect- pests, Dry the seeds at 350C
which is detrimental to most of the insect – pests.
2. Hand Picking: Egg clusters and aggregated larvae can be hand-
collected and destroyed .Successful method of control to many
of lepidopteran defoliators viz. Bihar Hairy Caterpillar,
Tobacco Caterpillar etc.
3. Light trap: Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Tobacco Caterpillar, leaf
miner, gram pod borer, stem flies, girdle beetle etc. are
attracted towards light so monitoring and killing of these pests
can be done by light trap.
4. Yellow traps: for white flies, jassids, aphids, thrips, flea
beetles.
5. Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 3g/kg seed
6. Use of pheromone traps to collect the moths of defoliators.
7. Installation of bird perching places.

 Legislative Control-
1. Varieties susceptible to some pests should not be grown or
introduced
2. into areas where these pests do not exist.
3. Survey of pest incidence and damage and two need based
alternate spraying with Dispel / Biobit and any contact poison
like triazophos.

Resistant varieties
Stemfly G. Beetle Lep. defo. YMV
UGM – 52, Improved Pelican JS-72-44
(Gaurav)
UPSM-534
J-323 P K – 262 MACS-100 PK- 416
VHC- 3067 NRS- 53 PK- 672 PS-564
UPSM-1123 TS-9912, VL- 7 PS -1024
UPSM-349, SL-428 PS-1225, PS- 1251 PS-1042
WT-47, J- 323, UPSL-
2773, UPSL-586,
UGM-52, NRC-37
TS- 1284 TS- 93-05 PS- 1029
PS- 1092
JS(SH)-94-23, DSb-5,
TS-2000-2001
JS (SH)- 94-21 PS- 1241
PS-1347

Biological control
Pests Parasitoid Predator Pathogen
Stem fly Spegigaster brevicornis S.
longicornis (Hymens) on pupae
& Tetrastichus on maggots
- -
White fly - A mite- Tyopholodromus sp. -
Girdle Beetle On grub: Imphiaulax sp.;
Campylomeurus mutator &
Dinarmus sp.; Norbonus sp.
Bradysia sp. (Dip.)
Chrysopa sp. adults on full
grown grabs
-
Bihar hairy
Caterpillar
Apanteles sp. on caterpillar.
(Braconidae)
Pentatomid bug
Canthe conida furcellata
(on caterpillars)
Bacillus thuringienses
var. thuringiensis &
NPV
Tobacco
caterpillar
--------------do--------------- ……………do……….. ---------do----------
Green semilooper
& other
lepidopteran
larvae
Euplectrus epiplemae;
Ecphoropsis perdistinctus
Apanteles sp.; Brachymeria sp.;
Elasmus brevicornis (Hym.),
Temelucha sp. Bracon
gelechiae, Brachymeria sp.,
Xanthopimpla punctata
Nebis sp. (Penta.)
- on cat.
---------do----------
Beauveria bassiana

Chemical Control
Pest Insecticide Dosage (a. i. / ha.)
Nematodes, seed-corn maggot,
white grub, stem fly & girdle
beetle, sap-suckers
Phorate 10 G
Aldicarb G
Quinalphos G
1-1.5 Kg. (In soil)
1.0
2.0
Aphids, jassids, white flies,
thrips
Metasystox, 25 EC
Triazophos 40 EC etc
0.03%
1.0
(Need based Spraying)
Lepidopterous & other
defohiators and bugs etc.
Cypertnethrin 25 EC
Deltamethrin 2.8 EC
Fenvalerate 20 EC
Quinalphos 25 EC
Dichlorvos
Phosalone
Trazophos
Quinalphos dust
0.005%
0.002%
0.01%
0.05%
0.05%
0.06%
0.04%
1.5% @ 25 Kg / ha.

Insect-pests of Groundnut
I. Leaf feeders or Defoliators
Groundnut leaf miner
Aproaerema modicella
Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera
Larva after hatching mine
into the leaves and
produces white blotches.
Later stage larva webs
together the leaves and
feeds on them remaining
inside the fold.
Red hairy caterpillar
Amsacta albistriga
A. moorei
Arctiidae: Lepidoptera
Larva is a voracious feeder
and act as defoliator.

Brown hairy caterpillar
Creatonotos gangis
Larva feed voraciously on
leaves and defoliates the
plants.
Bihar hairy caterpillar
Spilarctia (=spilosoma)
obliqua
Larva feed voraciously on
leaves and defoliates the
plants.
Tobacco caterpillar
Spodoptera litura
Larva defoliates the plants

II. Sucking pests
Jassid
Empoasca kerri
Cicadellidae: Homoptera
suck the sap from young
leaves, from the
undersurface
Aphid
Aphis craccivora
Adults and nymph suck
cell sap from tender parts of
plants
Thrips
Frankliniella schultzei
Thrips palmi
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Adults and nymphs lacerate
and feed on leaf surface

III. Root and pod feeders
Termites
Odontotermes obesus
Termitidae: Isoptera
Feed on pod leading to the
invasion of soil fungi
resulting in rotting of the
pods.
Root grubs
Holotrichia serrata
Melolonthidae: Coleoptera
Older grubs devour the
entire taproot and affected
plants without root and
rootlets.
Pod bug
Elasmolomus sordidus
Lygaeidae: Hemiptera
suck the sap from pods both
in field and stores

Economic threshold levels (ETLs)
Insect-pests ETLs
Aphid 5-10 aphids/terminal at seedling
stage
Defoliators 10 % foliage damage
Jassids 15-20 jassids/ plant
Leaf miner 2-3 larvae/plant
Spodoptera/Helicoverpa 2 larvae/plant or 20-25 %
defoliation at 40 DAS
Thrips 5 adults/ terminal buds
White grubs 1 grub/ m2
Rodents 15 live burrows/ ha

IPM Practices in Groundnut
 Cultural Control-
1. Timely sowing of the crop.
2. Varieties which are densely hairy and with stiff leaves
interfere pest population.
3. Grow tolerant varieties.
4. Deep summer ploughing after the kharif crop, the field
should be ploughed to expose the pupae to predatory birds.
5. Inter crop one row of castor for every 5 or 6 rows of
groundnut.
6. Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize should be
followed.
7. Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to
prevent pre-harvest infestation.
8. Planting of cowpea or soybean as trap crops

9. Use resistant/tolerant varieties.
10.Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult
beetles.
11.Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few
most preferred host trees in the area for congregation of white
grub adults.
12.Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.
13.Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees
around the field.
14.Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most
important in termite management.
15.Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early
removal of the produce from the field will reduce the chances of
termite damage to pods.
16.Intercropping groundnut with Pennisetum glaucum enhanced the
parasitoid Goniozus spp. on leaf miner.

 Mechanical Control-
1. Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages and the
affected plant part.
2. Up-root and destroy severely infected plants.
3. Install of 1 or 2 light traps/ha or bonfire in endemic areas.
4. Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days
and collecting and killing of adult moths are found very
effective.
5. Collection and destruction of egg masses in the fields around
light trap areas.
6. Install 10-12 bird perches/ha. (Sunflower act as bird perches)
7. Install pheromone trap @ 5/ha for mass trapping.
8. Mulching with rice straw causes reduction in leaf miner incidence
and increase in percentage parasitism.
9. Collect the infested leaves and dip them in kerosenised or
insecticide treated solution. (for BHC)-
NCIPM, Delhi

 Biological Control-
1. Apply NSKE 5% (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) to control
sucking pests.
2. Augment the release of Cheilonenes sexmaculata @ 1250/ha.
3. Conserve bio agents like flower bugs (anthocorids), lady bird
beetles (coccinellids), praying mantis, hover flies (syrphids),
green lace wing (chrysopids), long horned grass hoppers and
spiders.
4. Conserve bio agents like praying mantis, long horned grass
hoppers, dragon flies ,spiders, green muscardine fungus.
5. Spray A-NPV (2X 10^5 PIB/I) and Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt).
6. Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. Two times at 7-10
days interval.
7. Inter cropping with pigeon pea, mung bean and soybean
provides increase in population of spiders.
8. Release Trichogramma Chilonis @ 50000/ha twice (7-10
days interval)

9. Release of Telenomus remus @ 50000/ha. 4 times (7-10 days
interval) based on pheromone trap catching.
10.Use Sl-NPV @ 250 LE (6X 10^9/LE)/ha or B.t. @1 kg/ha, when
large number of egg masses and early instars larvae are noticed
11.Release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha. (two times at 7-10 days
interval.)
12.Spray insect pathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi @10^13
spores/ha for controlling early instars.
13.Release larval parasitoid Apanteles africanus @ 5000/ha.

 Chemical Control-
1. Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended
doses only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
2. Young crop may be applied with Dimethoate 30 EC @
10 ml in 10 lit. of water.
3. Imidachloprid 17.8 SL 3 ml in 10 lit. of water.
4. Dusting of Methyl parathion 2% @ 25 to 30 kg/ha or
Fanvalerate 0.4% @15-20 Kg/ha.
5. Spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ 15 ml in 10 lit. of water or
Nuvan (76%) 4 l/ha to control full grown insect pests.
6. For grown up caterpillars - spray profenophos 10-12
ml in 10 lit. of water (or) dichlorvos 7-10 ml in 10 lit.
of water (or) chlorpyriphos 20 ml in 10 liters of water.
7. Poison bait with Carbaryl, rice bran, jiggery and water
can be used to control the grown up larvae.

Insect-pests of Sunflower
I. Leaf feeders
Bihar hairy caterpillar
Spilarctia obliqua
Erebidae: Lepidoptera
The larvae feed
voraciously on the leaves
Tobacco caterpillar
Spodoptera litura
The larvae feed
and defoliate the plant
Green Semi-looper
Thysanoplusia orichalcea
The larvae feed

Sunflower head caterpillar
Helicoverpa armigera
Larvae bore the head of the
plants
Parrot (Non-insect pest )
Psittacula krameri
Psittacidae: Aves
Cut the head of the plants

II. Sucking pests
Aphids
Aphis helianthi
Nymph and adult suck cell
sap
Leaf miner
Liriomyza trifolii
Maggots feed inside the
leaves
White fly
Bemisia tabaci
Nymph and adult suck cell
sap

IPM Practices in Sunflower
I. Control measures for leaf feeder insect-pests-
1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact
inflorescence.
1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and
head.
2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy.
 Biological control-
1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during
the various stages of its life cycle.
2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.

3. Larval parasites- Apanteles spp., Microplitis maculopennis @ 2
parasites / plant need.
* Not to take-up chemical control.
1. Initiate chemical sprays at the time of flowering , primary
spikes.
2. Spray methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water or
3. Dust with methyl parathion 2 % D @ 10 kg / acre or
4. Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or
5. Dimethoate @ 2 ml / lit. of water.

II. Control measures for Leaf hoppers, thrips and
white flies-
Spray the crop with,
1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or
2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or
3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or
4. NSKE 4 % or
5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water or
6. Spray Methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1 ml / lit. of water
7. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or
8. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water
9. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or

Insect-pests of safflower
Safflower caterpillar
Prospalta conducta
(=Perigoea) capensis
Larvae defoliate the crop
and damage the young
capsules
Gram Caterpillar
Helicoverpa peltigera,
Feed on leaves and also
bores in to flower heads
(capsules) and devours the
developing seeds
Stem fly
(Agromyzid fly)
Melanagromyza obtusa
maggots bore in to the stem
and girdle the plants

Safflower Aphid
Uroleucon carthami
U. Compositae
Nymphs and adults are
found in larger number and
suck the sap from leaves,
shoots, flowers and
capsules and affected plants
remain stunted
Safflower bud fly
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Tephritidae: Diptera
Newly hatched larvae feed
on the soft parts of the
capsules
Cotton bollworm
Caterpillar feed on leaves
and also feed flower florets,
bracts and bores in to the
capsules and feed on the
seed
Tobacco cutworm
Spodoptera litura
Caterpillar feed on the
leaves and thus defoliate
the plant.

IPM Practices in Safflower
1. Intercropping with non-host crop like wheat and barley.
2. Avoid chickpea as an intercrop.
3. Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided.
4. Avoid late sowing.
5. Maintain 2 or 3 rows of Maize and Sorghum around the
fields.
1. The early removal and destruction of infested buds is
helpful in checking the spread of the pest

1. Release of Chrysoperla eggs/grubs @ 1-2/plant.
2. To encourage natural enemies – the larvae parasitized by
Apanteles flavipes Chelonus blackburni, Rogas percurrens.
3. Spray the crop with Ha NPV @ 250-300 larval
equivalents/ha
4. Conserve Campoletis chloridae, Enicospilus sp, etc.
1. Spraying of methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or fenvalerate 20 EC
@ 250 ml/ha.
2. Spray the crop with dimethoate or oxydemeton methyl @ 1
ml / lit. of water.

Insect-pests of Sesame
Til leaf and pod caterpillar
Antigastra catalaunalis
Pyralidae: Lepidoptera
Young larvae web
together a few top leaves
and feed on them
Sesame gall fly
Asphondylia sesami
Cecidomyiidae: Diptera
floral parts and causes
malformation of buds
Safflower bud fly
Acanthiophilus helianthi
Tephritidae: Diptera
floral parts

Linseed gall fly
Dasinura lini
Cecidomyiidae: Diptera
floral parts
Capitulum head borer
Helicovera armigera
Larvae feed voraciously on
the capsules
Safflower aphid
Dactynotus carthami
Nymph and adult suck the
sap tender parts of the plant
Til hawk moth
Acherontia styx
Sphingidae: Lepidoptera
The larvae feed
and defoliate the plant

IPM Practices in Sesame
1. Early sown (first week of July) kharif crop is less
infested than late sown crop.
2. Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut.
3. Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to
insectivorous birds.
1. Clip the galls, pick and burn the shaded buds.
2. Hand picking of the larvae in the initial stage of attack
and destroy them.

1. Conserve larval parasitoids of gall fly like
Eurytoma dentipectus, Bracon hebetor etc.
1. Spray crop at bud initiation stage dimethoate
0.03%.
2. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% first
at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS.
3. Two sprayings of quinalphos 0.05% at 30 and 45
days after sowing.
4. Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% at 30
and 45 days after sowing.

Insect-pests of Castor
I. Borer pests of Castor
Castor shoot and capsule borer
Dichocrocis punctiferalis
Pyralidae: Lepidoptera
The larvae bores into
the terminal shoots and
capsules
Castor hairy caterpillar
Euproctis lunata
Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera
The larvae bores into
the terminal shoots and
capsules
Castor slug caterpillar
Parasa lepida
Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera
Larvae feed on the
leaves leaving only
midrib and veins

Castor semi-looper
Achaea janata
Larvae bore stems & veins
Tobacco caterpillar
Spodoptera litura
Neonate larvae/ newly
hatched larvae are
gregarious. They scrape
out the green matter in the
leaf leaving the epidermis
alone
Red headed hairy caterpillar
Amsacta albistriga
Young larvae feed
gregariously on the under
surface of the leaves. Early
instars skelatonize the
leaves gregariously. Feed
on leaves and cause loss by
way of defoliation

Castor wooly bear
Pericallia ricini
Larvae bore stems &
veins
Castor butter fly
Ergolis merione
Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera
Larvae feeds on the
leaves and remain on
the upper surface and
thus cause defoliation
American serpentine leaf miner
Liriomyza trifolii
Larvae will mine the
leaf feed on mesophyll
tissues

II. Sucking pests of castor
Leaf hopper
Empoasca flavescens
Cicadellidae: Hemiptera
Both nymphs and adults
suck the sap from the leaf
resulting in typical ‘hopper
burn’
Thrips
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Nymphs and adults scrape
the leaves
White flies
Trialeurodes ricini
Nymphs and adults suck the
sap from the leaves

IPM Practices in Castor
I. Control measures for borer insect-pests-
1. Avoid growing varieties which are having compact
inflorescence.
1. Mechanical collection and destruction of attacked shoots and
seed capsule.
2. Hand picking of older larvae during early stages and destroy.
3. Provide bird perching points @ 7 to 10 / ha.
1. A number of Hymenopterans parasites attack the pest during
the various stages of its life cycle.
2. Egg parasite- Trichogramma australicu.

II. Control measures for Leaf hoppers, thrips
and white flies-
Spray the crop with,
1. Methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or
2. Methyl demeton @ 0.025% or
3. Phosalone @ 0.05 % or
4. NSKE 4 % or
5. Spray the crop with triazophos @ 2.5 ml / lit. water
6. Dust 2 % Methyl parathion @ 10-15 kg / acre or
7. Spray the crop with Quinalphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water
8. Spray Chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml / lit. of water or

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