This is PPT files for Biological control of Oilseed Pests

1. Department of Entomology
College of Agriculture
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology Banda (U.P.) 210001
Biological control of Insect-Pests of Oilseed Crops
Master’s Seminar (ENT- 591)
on
Arun Kumar
Id No :1364
M.Sc. (Ag.) Entomology

2. CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. History of Biological Control
3. Problems due to Chemical Control
4. List of Oilseed Crops Grown in India
5. List of Harmful Insects of Oilseed Crops
6. Different Bio-agents and Microbes
7. Advantages of Biological Control
8. Constraints of Biological Control
9. Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
 India is one of the largest producer of oilseeds in the world and occupies an
important position in the Indian agricultural economy .
 Total oilseed production in the country during 2018-19 is estimated at
31.42 million tonnes .
 There are nine important oilseeds crops grown in India out of which seven
are of edible oils (Rapeseed-Mustard , Soybean , Groundnut , Sunflower ,
Sesame and Niger) and two are of non- edible oils (Castor and Linseed).
 India ranks first in the production of Groundnut, third in Rapeseed-Mustard
and fifth in Soybean.

4. History of Biological control
 In China Pharoah’s ant Monomorium pharaonis was first used to control
stored grain pest and Red ant Oecophylla spp. used to control foliage
feeding caterpillar.
 Year 1762 - ‘Mynah’ bird imported from India to Mauritius to control of
locust.
 During 1888 citrus industry in California (USA) seriously threatened by
cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi
 Vedalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) was imported in 1888 into USA and
allowed on cottony cushion scale infested trees.

5.  1898 - First introduction of natural enemy into India
 In 1898- A coccinellid beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was imported into
India from Australia and released against coffee green scale, Coccus viridis.
 1920 - A parasitoid Aphelinus mali introduced from England into India to
control Wooly aphid on Apple, Eriosoma lanigerum.
 1929-31 - Rodolia cardinalis imported into India (from USA) to control
cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi on Wattle trees.

6. Problems due to Chemical Control
• Environmental pollution.
• Pest resistance
• Pest resurgence.
• Secondary pest outbreak
• Increase cost of production
• Killing of pollinators.
• Menace to human health
• Residual effect.
• Harmful effect on population of soil micro-organisms.

7. Biological Control ?
 The term biological control was first used by Smith in 1919 to signify the
use of natural enemies to control inset pests.
 Biological control is “the action of biocontrol agents against the target
species to suppress the population below the level of economic damage by
keeping environment hormonized .’’
 Definition- Paul DeBach(1973) “ The utilization of parasitoids , predators
and pathogens for the regulation of host population density is called as
biological control.”

8. Rapeseed-Mustard
Linseed
Castor
Sunflower
Soybean Groundnut
Different Oilseed Crops Grown In India

9. Harmful Insect-Pests of Oil Seed Crops
Mustard Pest Soybean Pest
Aphid Flea beetle Girdle beetle Stem fly
Saw fly White fly Pod borer
Painted bug

10. Harmful Insect-Pests of Oil Seed Crops
Groundnut Pest Sunflower Pest
Aphid Leaf miner Head borer Spodoptera
Pod bug Semi looper Cut worm
Hairy caterpillar

11. Harmful Insect-Pests of Oil Seed Crops
Safflower Pest Sesame Pest
Aphid Semi looper Leaf webber Aphid
Thrips Leaf hopper Gall fly
Bud fly

12. Harmful Insect-Pests of Oil Seed Crops
Castor Pest Linseed Pest
Semi looper Slug caterpillar Bud fly Pod borer
Caterpillar Semi looper Leaf miner
Capsule borer

13. A. Predators
B. Parasites
C. Parasitoids
D. Entomopathogenic microbes:
 Entomopathogenic Fungi
 Entomopathogenic Bacteria
 Entomopathogenic Virus
 Entomopathogenic Mycoplasma
 Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Beneficial Bio-agents of Oilseed Crops

14. Predators ?
‘‘A predator is a free-living organism thought its life; it kills its prey, is
usually larger than its prey and requires more than one prey to complete its
development.’’

15. Predators
 Predatory insects -
1. Lady bird beetles- Larvae of coccinellids feed upon the body fluids of
their prey. Following type of Predators suppress the aphid population .
• Coccinella septempunctata
• Cheilomenes sexmaculata
• Hippodamia variegata
Apply – Releases of 2nd instar larvae of coccinella septempunctata and
Cheilomenes sexmaculata in the mustard field @ 1000/hectare.

16. 2. Lace wings
Chrysoperla carnea
Mallada boninensis
Release rate – Release @ 5,000-50,000 eggs per acre or Release Green
lacewing larvae @10,000-50,000 larvae per acre.
3. Hover flies
Episyrphus balteatus

17. 4. Preying mantids-
Scientific name- Mantis religiosa
• Release rate – Release @10-100 egg cases per acre , per egg case contains
50 to 200 individual eggs and eggs hatch within 10 to 50 days.

18. Feeding potential of predators
Lady bird beetle/day
consumption
Hover fly/day
consumption
Lace wing/day
consumption
Ist instar- 21.43 Ist instar- 7.63 Ist instar- 16.37
IInd instar- 46.90 IInd instar- 32.70 IInd instar- 16.75
IIIrd instar- 76.61 IIIrd instar- 41.57 IIIrd instar- 89.66
IVth instar - 102.60
Total - 243.54 Total- 81.90 Total- 122.78
Kuldeep singh and Narendra singh- (2013)
Predation of aphids population by Predators

19. Predatory Birds
Black drongo
• Dicrurus adsimili a bird preyed on larvae of Helicoverpa armigera and
reduced capsule damage from about 10% to 3-5%
Common Myna
• Acridotheres tristis work as predator for Insects.

20. Parasitoids ?
‘‘A parasitoid is a special kind of parasite which is often about the same size
as its host, kills its host and requires only one host for development in to a
free-living adult.’’

21. Parasitoids
1. Mummified aphids
 Diaeretiella rapae
 Aphidius colemani
 Aphidius ervi
 Aphelinus abdominalis
 Aphidius matricariae
 Lysiphlebus testaceipes

22. 2. Gryon spp.- Egg parasitoid of Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris)
3. Alophora spp.- Adult parsitoid of Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris)
Egg parasitoids
 Trichogramma chilonis
 T. japonicum
 T. achea
 Telenomus remus

23.  Perilissus cingulator-
Larval parsitoid of Mustard saw fly
 Campoletis chloridae-
Larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera
 Cotesia plutella-
Larval parasitoid of Diamond back moth

24.  Larval parasitoids of Hairy caterpillars -
Cotesia flavipes, C. bosei
Glyptapanteles creatonoti, Exorista civilodes
Sturmia inconspicuella, Tachina fallax
 Larval parasitoids of Linseed gall midge-
Systasis dasyneurae
Elamus spp.
Eurytoma spp.
Torymus spp.
Tetrastichus spp.

25. Tricho-cards
 Method:
Staple the pieces of Tricho cards at lower side of plant leaves. Tricho card of 15
X 7.5 cm contains approximately 18000- 20000 parasitised eggs.
About 0.3 to 0.5 million parasitised eggs (15 to 25 Tricho-cards) are required for
one hectare crop.
Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50,000 parasitised eggs/ha.

26.  Efficient host searching ability of adults.
 Kill the pest in egg stage before it could cause damage.
 Ability to multiply themselves while destroying the pest in the field.
 Easy to release in the field.
 Safe for environment.
 No adverse effect on other beneficial insects.
 Not harmful to human and pet animals
Advantages of Trichogramma

27. ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
MICROORGANISMS
FUNGI
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
PROTOZOA
MYCOPLASMA
RICKETTSIA
NEMATODES
‘‘Microbial control refers to the exploitation of diseases causing organisms to
reduce the population of insect pests below the economic injury level’’
Entomopathogenic Microorganisms

28. Entomopathogenic Fungi
 Entomopathogenic fungi are a group of fungi living in soil that infect insects
by penetrating their cuticle to penetrate their bodies to eventually kill them
and feeding on them (Dara et al, 2017).
 Entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassiana, and
Metarrhizium anisopliae fungi are play important role in the regulation of
insect populations.
 Metarrhizium anisopliae was the first fungus worldwide to be mass
produced and utilized for insect-pest control.

29. Application of Beauveria bassiana
Trade name : Beauveria, Ankush, Boverin, Bio-powder, Daman, Multiplax,
Mycotrol, Naturalis etc.
Target pests: Aphids, Thrips, Whiteflies, Termites, Grass hoppers ,
Caterpillars, Beetles etc
Dosages : Spores at 1.5 kg/ha, Dose 2-4gm (30X10⁹ Conidia /gm)

30. Mode of Action :
When the spores of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect
host, they germinate, penetrate the cuticle, and grow inside than killing the
insect.
Symptoms :
The fungus produce white muscardine disease on treated larvae.

31. Application of Metarrhizium anisopliae
Trade name :
Myco-meta , Biomax , Bio-magic, Kalichakra etc.
Target pests:
leaf hoppers, cutworms, termites, spittle bugs, grubs, Beetles, weevils, flies,
Gnats, thrips etc.
Dosages:
Seed Treatment- Mix 20ml of Myco-Meta with 1 kg of seeds and sowing the
treated seeds after 30 minutes.
Field application:
For one acre- 1000ml of Myco-Meta can be mixed with sufficient quantity of
water and this solution is sprayed.

32. Symptoms-
Metarhizium anisopliae grows upon insect host cuticle turned in to green
colour called Green muscadine disease.

33. Mortality percentage of Entomopathogenic
fungi
Fungi name Highest
Mortality
%
Pathogenecity
(in days)
Concentration of
Fungal spores
Metarrhizium anisopliae 72 3 1x10⁹
Beauveria bassiana 69.6 7 1x10⁹
Nomuraea rileyi 60 6 1x10⁸
Verticillium lecanii 60 6 1x10⁸

34. Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Spore forming Non-Spore forming
e.g. Bacillus spp.
Obligate Facultative
e.g. Bacillus popillae
Crystelliferous Non crystelliferous
e.g. Bacillus thurigiensis e.g. Bacillus cereus
(Dr. D.S Reddy 2010)

35. Application of Bacillus thurigiensis
Bt is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming entomopathogenic
bacterium.
Mode of action- Stomach poison
Symptoms-
 Larvae becomes inactive and stops feeding.
 The head capsule becomes large compared to body size.
 The larvae becomes flaccid and dies.
 The body contents turn brownish-black colouration.

36. Entomopathogenic Virus
• Nuclear polyhedrosis virus
• Granulosis virus

37. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
 Dose - 250-500 Larval equivalent/ha.
 Mode of action - NPV work as stomach poison.
 Symptoms -
i. Stop feeding
ii. Discoloration
iii. Decomposition
iv. Hang on top of plant

38.  The biological control agents are eco-friendly and do not have any side
effects on Humans , Livestock's etc.
 The pest is unable to develop a resistance.
 Bio-control methods are also comparatively cheaper than other
Agrochemicals like pesticides.
 No toxicity or residue problems.
 The use of bio-control agents causes a significant and noticeable
deterioration in the qualitiy of Produce .
 Play key role in Integrated pest management
Advantages of Biological Control

39. Constraints of Biological Control
 Research cost are high and sometimes may not produce results.
 Take long time to pest control .
 It is difficult and expensive to develop and supply.
 It has slow process .
 It is not applicable to all species of the pests .
 Only a skilled farmer can adopt biological control.
 Biological control can effect on biodiversity through predation , parasitism ,
competition , or other attacks on non-target species

40. Conclusion
Biological control of insect pests is characterized by a persistent, strong
reduction in the pest population which is less costly and cheaper than any
other methods. Besides it provides protection to the crop throughout the
crop period and they do not cause toxicity to the plants as well application
of biocontrol agents is safer to the environment.

41. References
1. Kalia, A., Shukla, G., Mishra, D., Mishra, B.P. and Patel, R.R., 2021.
Comparative Trend Analysis of Mustard in Bundelkhand Region, Uttar
Pradesh and India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 57(1), pp.15-19.
2. Singh, K. and Singh, N.N., 2013. Preying capacity of different established
predators of the aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) infesting rapeseed-mustard
crop in laboratory conditions. Plant Protection Science, 49(2), pp.84-88.

42. References
3. Deka, A.C., Goswami, N.K. and Sarma, I., 2017. Biocontrol prospects of
entomopathogenic fungi for management of mustard aphid (Lipaphis
erysimi Kalt.) on rapeseed-mustard. Adv Appl Sci Res, 8(4), pp.21-29.
4. Nawaz, A., Ali, H., Sufyan, M., Gogi, M.D., Arif, M.J., Ranjha, M.H.,
Arshid, M., Waseem, M., Mustafa, T., Qasim, M. and Rizwan, M., 2019.
Comparative bio-efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Spinosad
against American bollwormm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Revista
Brasileira de Entomologia, 63(4), pp.277-282.