breeding in biotic stress

1. CLASSIFICTION OF FUNGUS
Submitted by-
R.P. MAURYA
M.Sc.Ag.2nd sem.
Department of genetics and plant breeding
Submitted to-
Dr .DHARMENDRA PRATAP SIR
Asst. Professor
Department of genetics and plant breeding

2.  A eukaryotic organisms. Fungi are neither a plants, non animals
 A heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by
absorption.
 4)Reproduce sexually and asexually
 Asexually by spores
 Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments
 The primary carbohydrate storage product of fungi is glycogen.
 Most fungi have a thallus composed of hyphae (sing. hypha) that elongate by
tip growth
 The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
.
What is a fungus?

3. OLD AND
MODERN
CLASSIFICATION OF
FUNGI

4. Old Classification
• Aristotle- considered as the “Father of Zoology”.
- He proposed a way of classifying animals as follows:
1. Enaima (vertebrates), with red blood
a. Viviparous
 1. Humans 2. Whales 3. other mammals
 b. Oviparous
 1. Birds 2. Amphibians and most reptiles 3. snakes 4. fishes
 2. Anaima (invertebrates), no red blood
a. Cephalopods b. crustaceans c. insects, spiders, etc.
 d. other mollusks, echinoderms, etc. e. sponges, cnidarians, etc

5.  Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)- laid the real basis for modern classification and
nomenclature. Father of Taxonomy
- He first introduced the two-kingdom classification which composed of:
• Plants- photosynthetic and generally nonmotile
• Animals- heterotrophs and generally motile
- In his Systema naturae, he recognized six “classes” of animal kingdom namely:
• Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insects, and Vermes
 Fungi are primitive plants under this classification of organisms.
 Hogg (1860) and Ernst Haeckel (1866) formulated the three-kingdom classification
namely:
• Protoctista- all of the “problematic groups”, single- celled organisms.
• Plantae (metaphyta)
• Animalia(metazoa)

6. The Five kingdom system (Whittaker, 1969)
 Eukarya (includes all organism with a nucleus & membrane bound
organelles).
 Plants and Animals are fairly obvious
 Fungi, are very distinct from the other kingdoms.
 Kingdom Protista is a “dumping ground” for organisms that don’t fit into
the other eukaryotic kingdoms.

7. Classification of fungi proposed by
Ainsworth(1966,7173)
 He was British mycologist, GC Ainsworth (1905-1998).

8. Sub–division:-Mastigomycotina
 The important characteristics of Mastigomycotina are:
i. The subdivision Mastigomycotina is commonly known as zoosporic fungi
ii. Members of this group vary from unicellular plant body (with or without rhizoid) to filamentous coenocytic mycelium.
iii. Sexual reproduction takes place by gametic copulation, gametangial copulation and gametangial contact
 Key to classes of Mastigomycotina:
A. Class. Chitridiomycetes
B. Class.Hypochitridiomycetes
C. Class. Oomycetes
 Some important parasitic members of this group are:
 Pythium. Different species of Pythium cause foot rot, fruit rot, rhizome rot and damping off
 Phytophthora. Different species of Phytophthora cause stem and leaf blight, foot rot, leaf rot, corm rot, fruit rot etc
 Albugo. Different species of Albugo cause white rust disease of different hosts like crucifers (cabbage, Brassica, radish, rurnip
etc

9. Sub–division:-Zygomycotina
 The Important Characteristics of Zygomycotina are
 The fungi belonging to this group are generally terrestrial and they produce zygospore (Gr.
zygos — yoke; Spora — seed, spore) after sexual reproduction
 The thallus is normally haploid, consisting of coenocytic mycelium and its cell wall contains chitin
and chitosa
 Asexual reproduction takes place by aplanospores.
 Sexual reproduction takes place by gametangial copulation, resulting in the formation of
zygospor
 classified the subdivision Zygomycotina into two classes:
i. Zygomycetes, and
ii. Trichomycetes.
Some important parasitic members of this group are:

10. Sub–division:-Ascomycotina
 The Ascomycotina (Gr. askos— sac or bladder; mykes — fungi), commonly known as “sac fungi”, is the largest group under the
Kingdom Fungi, comprised of six classes and about 30,000 species.
 live in salt, freshwater and terrestrial habitats
 Vegetative body is unicellular or commonly well-developed, branched septate mycelium with uni- or multinucleate cells having per-
forated septa.
 classified the subdivision Ascomycotina into six classes, namely:
 i. Hemiascomycetes,
 ii. Loculoascomycetes,
 iii. Plectomycetes,
 iv. Laboulbeniomycetes,
 v. Pyrenomycetes, and
 vi. Discomycetes.
 Some important parasitic members of this group are:
Its includes morels, powdery mildews, yeasts and cup fungi sac fungi

11. Sub–division:-Basidiomycotina
 The subdivision included about 500 genera with more than 16,000 species.
 Basidiomycotina are characterised by the formation of basidiospores and absence of flagellated
structure.
Key to classes of Basidiomycotina Three classes
1 Teliomycetes
2 Hymenomycetes
3 Gasteromycetes
Some important parasitic members of this group are:
The members include rusts, smuts, mushrooms, puff balls, toad stools, bracket fungi etc. Rust (Puccinia
spp.) and smuts (Ustilago spp.)

12. Sub–division:-Deuteromycotina
 The subdivision Deuteromycotina is also known as Fungi imperfecti or Waste Box Fungus , due
to lack of knowledge on sexual reproduction
 C. T. Ingold called Deuteromycotina the “dust bin” group because of their doubtful systematic
position.
 Its include about 600 genera and over 20,000 species.
 Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do
not share a common ancestry
 Some important parasitic members of this group are:
 Leaf spot of curcifers ,Early blight of potato, Brown spot of rice, Tikka or Leaf spot of
groundnut

13. Modern Classification
 At least 7 kingdoms are now recognized (Patterson & Sogin 1992) :
 Based on molecular evidence: base sequences
from ribosomal RNA (Patterson & Sogin 1992)
 Eubacteria,
 Archaebacteria,
 Animalia,
 Plantae,
 Eumycota,
 Stramenopila (Chromista),
 Protoctista (Protozoa, Protista)

14. Recent Classification of Fungi
 Modern Classification of fungi proposed by Agrios .G.N 1996,AlexopoulosC.J
Mims,C.W and Blackwell.M. 1996,Arx,J.A.von,1987
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Class Basidiomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Agaricaceae
Genus Agaricus
Species:
Agaricus campestris L.

15. 1. Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold
2. Oomycota = the Water Molds
Water mold, potato blight, mildew
3. Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
4. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools
5. Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti