Trial and error theory proposes that learning occurs through a process of motivated responses to stimuli, elimination of incorrect responses, and integration of correct responses. Learning takes place incrementally through chance successes rather than insightful thinking. Critics argue that the theory is too mechanical and emphasizes fruitless trial without understanding, but it implies that education should start with easier concepts and build through practice, repetition, and reinforcement or punishment, allowing students to learn skills through making and correcting mistakes.