Parasitology (parasites of reproductive system)
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This document contains summaries of the morphology, medical importance, and diagnostic features of several parasitic organisms: 1. Trichomonas vaginalis is a pear-shaped protozoan parasite 15 μm in size that causes trichomoniasis. It has five flagella and a median ridge called an axostyle. 2. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites are the invasive stage of toxoplasmosis. They are crescent-shaped, 4-8 μm in size, with a single nucleus. 3. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are the infective stage in humans and diagnostic stage in cats. They are oval or rounded, 40 μm in
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Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes the infectious disease toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. In humans, it commonly causes mild flu-like symptoms but can cause serious issues in those with weak immune systems or congenitally acquired infections. It has a complex lifecycle involving sexual reproduction in cats and asexual reproduction in other hosts. Acute infection may be asymptomatic while latent infection involves tissue cyst formation that can reactivate if immunity wanes.
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This document discusses medical mycology, including:
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- Fungi have cell walls containing chitin and sterols, and can exist as yeasts, molds, or dimorphic fungi depending on environment.
- Important fungi are classified based on morphology (yeasts, molds) or spore formation (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes).
- Fungal infections include superficial skin infections and deeper systemic infections, and opportunistic infections are also discussed.
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Introduction to medical mycology, basic concepts about superficial and deep mycoses taxonomy , classification & general characteristics of Various medically important fungi, Names of fungi & diseases caused by them; superficial mycoses, candida, dermatophytes, opportunistic fungi, subcutaneous mycoses.
Flagellates
1) Chilomastix mesnili is a harmless commensal flagellate found in the cecum and colon of humans worldwide, especially in warm climates. It exists in two stages: a pear-shaped trophozoite stage and a lemon-shaped cyst stage.
2) Retortamonas intestinalis is another small, non-pathogenic flagellate found in the large intestine. It also has a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite is elongated and pyriform in shape. Infection is transmitted by ingesting contaminated cysts.
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Mollicutes is a class with pliable cell boundary, pleomorphic in shape
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Myco ppt
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms lacking a cell wall. They range from 0.2-0.3 μm in size and are bounded by a single membrane. Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic, occurring in coccoidal or filamentous shapes. They reproduce by binary fission or budding and are resistant to some antibiotics like penicillin but sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Mycoplasmas require rich media with sterols and serum for growth at 35-37°C and form small transparent colonies visible under low magnification.
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Mycoplasma are the smallest bacteria that lack a cell wall. They can exist as parasites or saprotrophs. Mycoplasma have a triple-layered cell membrane and circular chromosome but lack other typical bacterial structures. They reproduce through binary fission. Important Mycoplasma species include M. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, M. hominis which causes genital infections, and M. genitalium, a sexually transmitted bacterium.
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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes the infectious disease toxoplasmosis. It is capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. In humans, it commonly causes mild flu-like symptoms but can cause serious issues in those with weak immune systems or congenitally acquired infections. It has a complex lifecycle involving sexual reproduction in cats and asexual reproduction in other hosts. Acute infection may be asymptomatic while latent infection involves tissue cyst formation that can reactivate if immunity wanes.
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- Important fungi are classified based on morphology (yeasts, molds) or spore formation (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes).
- Fungal infections include superficial skin infections and deeper systemic infections, and opportunistic infections are also discussed.
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1) Chilomastix mesnili is a harmless commensal flagellate found in the cecum and colon of humans worldwide, especially in warm climates. It exists in two stages: a pear-shaped trophozoite stage and a lemon-shaped cyst stage.
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Myco ppt
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms lacking a cell wall. They range from 0.2-0.3 μm in size and are bounded by a single membrane. Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic, occurring in coccoidal or filamentous shapes. They reproduce by binary fission or budding and are resistant to some antibiotics like penicillin but sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Mycoplasmas require rich media with sterols and serum for growth at 35-37°C and form small transparent colonies visible under low magnification.
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This document provides an overview of various parasites and their characteristics. It discusses E. coli, E. histolytica, Giardia lambilia, Triechomonus, Trypanosoma, Lishmania, and P. vivax. For each parasite, it describes morphology, life cycle, infective and diagnostic stages, habitat, route of infection, diseases caused, and treatment. The document is intended as a reference for parasitology practical labs, organizing information about parasites by topic and page number for easy reference.
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This document discusses microbiology and the structure and function of bacteria. It covers the branches of microbiology and historical discoveries such as the work of van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It describes the size, shape, and classification of bacteria based on energy source, habitat, temperature requirements, oxygen use, and morphology. Key bacterial structures are explained like the cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, flagella, pili, and spores. Pathogenic bacteria are classified by Gram stain and shape.
Introduction to microbiology.ppt
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of key discoveries in the field. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, early pioneers like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who first observed bacteria under a microscope, and landmark findings such as Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease and Robert Koch's postulates. The document also defines types of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It describes methods for viewing and culturing microbes and how they are classified.
Introduction to nematodes
Nematodes are elongated, cylindrical worms that are bilaterally symmetrical. They vary in size from millimeters to over a meter in length. Most nematodes live freely in freshwater, seawater, or soil, though some are parasitic. Nematodes are classified based on their habitat and mode of infection, and whether they lay eggs or produce live larvae. They pass through six developmental stages from egg to adult. Parasitic nematodes cause tissue damage through mechanical disruption and toxicity, with the level of damage depending on factors like species, worm burden, habitat, and host immune response.
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Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptx
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
CHAPTER 7.pptx
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
Protozoology lec.3
This document provides information on non-pathogenic and pathogenic amoebae. It discusses the key features of six non-pathogenic amoebae - Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Entamoeba gingivalis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmani, and Blastocystis hominis. It also covers two pathogenic free-living amoebae - Naegleria fowleri, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, and Acanthamoeba, which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. For each organism, it
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The document summarizes several pathology slides related to repair and wound healing:
1) A slide showing a fibrin network entangling red blood cells and other blood cells, diagnosed as a clot.
2) Distended hepatocytes filled with fluid, diagnosed as edema.
3) Intestinal metaplasia where squamous cells are replaced by columnar cells.
4) Three slides showing blood vessels filled with red blood cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells, diagnosed as granulation tissue.
Pathology (pathology of joint and soft tissue disorders)
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle that presents with different stages of maturation including immature rounded cells with pink cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei or large polyhedral cells with clear cytoplasm. Synovial sarcoma has variants including rounded cells arranged in sheets separated by clefts or spindle cells arranged in storiform patterns. It exists in monophasic or biphasic forms and is malignant. Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor of smooth muscle composed of spindle cells in different patterns including lines and whorls.
Pathology (microscopic feature of some tumors)
This document summarizes the microscopic features of four different tumor types: liposarcoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor arising from adipose tissue composed of mature adipocytes. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland forming arborizing papillae. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of chondroblasts forming chondroblastic cell proliferation. Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of squamous epithelium forming cell nests with keratin pearls.
Pathology (growth characters of tumor)
This document summarizes the key characteristics of four different tumor types:
1) Fibroma is a benign tumor arising from fibroblasts that contains mature and immature fibrous tissue with elongated spindle-shaped cells.
2) Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor containing bundles of smooth muscle fibers in a whorl pattern and spindle-shaped fibroblast cells.
3) Thyroid adenoma is a benign glandular tumor composed of normal-looking follicles filled with colloid.
4) Adenocarcinoma is a malignant glandular tumor with abnormal acini and epithelium that shows signs of malignancy like irregular shapes and increased mitosis.
Pathology (cell injury and necrosis)
This document summarizes four pathology slides showing different types of cell injury and necrosis: 1) A slide showing inflammatory cells in alveoli, diagnosed as acute pneumonia; 2) A slide showing caseation necrosis, chronic inflammation and giant cells, diagnosed as early tuberculosis; 3) A slide showing infarcted kidney tissue without nuclei, diagnosed as kidney infarction; 4) A slide showing normal and infarcted myocardial tissue, diagnosed as myocardial infarction.
Pathology (cell adaptation)
The document discusses cells showing signs of fatty change in the heart and liver. For the heart sample, slides showed cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and peripheral nuclei, known as signet ring cells, leading to a diagnosis of fatty change in the heart. A similar sample for the liver showed the same cellular features and was diagnosed as fatty change in the liver.
Pathology (atherosclerosis)
This document summarizes four cases:
1. Capillary hemangioma, characterized by dilated vascular channels lined by endothelium containing red blood cells and separated by stroma.
2. Cavernous lymphgioma, characterized by dilated lymphatic channels lined by endothelium containing lymph and inflammatory cells and separated by stroma.
3. Hemangioendothelioma, characterized by nodules of epitheloid cells separated by stroma, containing intracytoplasmic vacuoles with red blood cells.
4. Kaposi Sarcoma, characterized by a dermal nodule of spindle cells forming slit-like vascular spaces containing erythrocytes.
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Pathology (histopathology of the cns)
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1. This document discusses how to take and assess pulses, including rate, rhythm, volume, and abnormalities. Key points include regular vs. irregular rhythm and normal vs. weak volume.
2. Specific locations for taking pulses are outlined, such as radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses. Differences like a delay between radial pulses or radial and femoral pulses can indicate issues.
3. Diagrams show the locations of peripheral pulses in the upper and lower limbs, such as the carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses.
Skill lab (plastic surgery)
A 35-year-old patient came to the emergency room with burns on his chest. His weight is 72 kg and the burned surface area is 18% of his total body surface area. Using the formula for calculating IV fluid replacement in burned patients, which is body weight x burned surface area / 2 x 4, the amount of fluid resuscitation needed for this patient is 2.5 liters.
Skill lab (hematology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry)
The document summarizes several laboratory tests and procedures used in hematology, physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. It describes bleeding time and coagulation time tests to assess platelet function. It also outlines the hematocrit test procedure to measure red blood cell volume percentage, and the blood grouping test to determine blood type based on antigen-antibody reactions. Procedures for blood culture collection and centrifugation to separate blood components are provided. Finally, it explains hemoglobin electrophoresis to measure different hemoglobin molecules and identify potential abnormalities.
Skill lab (basic examination)
The document outlines the 4 main techniques of physical examination: inspection which is examining the patient's body visually, palpation which involves touching inflamed areas of the body, percussion which is tapping parts of the body to compare sounds, and auscultation which uses a stethoscope to listen to body sounds. These techniques - inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation - form the basic physical examination.
Skill lab endocrineology (hormonal panel with different clinical problem &a...
This document provides information on various endocrine-related topics including glucose tolerance testing, thyroid function testing, clinical examination of thyroid swellings, radiology of the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, and anti-thyroid drugs. It includes definitions, test types, results and interpretations, descriptions of clinical findings, imaging views and structures seen, and indications and side effects of drugs. The document aims to educate on evaluating and managing endocrine-related conditions through laboratory and imaging tests and pharmacological treatment.
Skill lab emergency (first aid and iv injection)
Triage is the process of prioritizing patients' treatment based on the severity of their condition. There are four categories ranging from red/immediate for life-threatening conditions to black/expectant for those who are dead. The ABCDE method is used to assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure during triage. Intravenous cannulation involves inserting a tube into a patient's vein for infusions. The procedure has 15 steps including preparing equipment, identifying a vein, inserting the cannula, securing it, and checking for proper placement.
Skill lab physiology (motor examination tests)
This document outlines the components and process of performing a motor examination. It describes examining muscle mass, tone, power, coordination, gait, and reflexes. Deep tendon reflexes are tested using a reflex hammer at sites including the biceps, triceps, patella, and Achilles tendons. Abnormal reflex responses include spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia. Motor strength is graded on a scale from 0 to 5. The plantar reflex test assesses upper motor neuron function.
Physiology (sensory examination tests)
1. The document outlines various tests used in sensory examination including tests for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision, and cortical sensations.
2. It describes the instruments used and procedures for tests like the two point discrimination test, Rinne's test, and Weber's test.
3. The tests assess primary sensations, cortical sensations, hearing, vision, and help identify lesions in the sensory cortex.
Physiology (measurement of arterial blood pressure)
This document summarizes the measurement of arterial blood pressure. It defines systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the force exerted on blood vessel walls during contraction and relaxation. It explains that blood pressure is typically measured in the brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, by listening for sounds during inflation and deflation to determine the systolic and diastolic readings in mmHg. Finally, it outlines two methods for measuring blood pressure - palpation of the radial pulse to find systolic pressure only, or auscultation of the brachial pulse over the brachial artery to determine both systolic and diastolic pressure.
Physiology (heart sounds)
This document describes the four main heart sounds and how to auscultate them using a stethoscope. It explains that the first heart sound corresponds to closure of the atrioventricular valves and the R wave of an ECG. The second heart sound corresponds to closure of the semilunar valves and the T wave of an ECG. The third heart sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. The fourth heart sound corresponds to atrial contraction between the P and Q waves. It identifies the best areas over the heart to auscultate each sound using a stethoscope.
Physiology (electrocardiography ecg)
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. An ECG is used to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and function by measuring the heart's electrical signals through 12 leads that include 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads. The heart rate can be calculated from an ECG by counting the number of big squares between two R waves in a cycle and dividing 300 by that number.
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Parasitology (parasites of reproductive system)
- 1. @OSAMA_Z96
- 2. * Parasite Name : (Trichomonas vaginalis). * Morphology Description : * Medical Importance : Infective & Diagnostic stage of Trichomoniasis Description 15 µmSize Trophozoites with tear drop or pear shape.Shape Gimsa stain.Colour 1- Four anteriorly directed flagella & the fifth forming undulating membrane 2- Large nucleus in the anterior end. 3- Median ridge called Axostyle extending to the posterior part. Content
- 3. * Instrument Name : (In pouch-TV Test). * Description : 1- Consists of high-barrier oxygen resistant plastic with 2 V-shaped chambers connected by anarrow passage. 2- Contain nourish material. * Uses : 1- Inoculate the specimen. 2- Immediate observation to the specimen. 3- Store, transport and culture of the specimen.
- 4. * Parasite Name : (Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoite). * Morphology Description : * Medical Importance : Invective stage of Toxoplasmosis. Description 4 - 8 µmSize 1- Crescent in shape. 2- Rounded posterior and pointed anterior.Shape Gimsa stain.Colour 1- Obligatory intracellular parasites. 2- Single nucleus.Content
- 5. * Parasite Name : (Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts). * Morphology Description : * Medical Importance : 1- Infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii in human. 2- Diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii in cats. Description 40 µmSize Oval or rounded in shape.Shape Colourless wet mount preparation.Colour 1- Contain 2 sporocysts. 2- Each sporocyst contain 4 sporozoites.Content
- 6. * Parasite Name : (Egg of Schistosoma haematobium). * Morphology Description : * Medical Importance : Diagnostic stage of Schistosoma haematobium. Description 150 X 40 µmSize 1- Oval egg. 2- Elongated ellipsoid shape. 3- Prominent terminal spine. Shape Transparent.Colour Viable miracidium.Content
- 7. Egg of Schistosoma haematobium
- 8. * Parasite Name : (Egg of Entrobius Vermacularis). * Morphology Description : * Medical Importance : 1- Infective & Diagnostic stage of Entrobius Vermacularis. 2- High infectious egg. Description 64 X 40 µmSize 1- D-Shaped. 2- Thin shelled 3- Plano-convex. Shape Colourless.Colour Fully developed embryo.Content
- 9. Egg of Entrobius Vermacularis