Production of Bio-diesel from jatropha plant .... By the increase in demand of fuel the resources are not as many to full control the demand of the world and the known reservoir wont last forever there fore an alternate energy source is required to fulfill the world fuel demand.

1. Production Of Biodiesel From
Jatropha Plant
By
Nofal Umair

2. What is Jatropha?
• Shrub: 2 meters in height
• Draught resistant, perennial
• Starts producing after 2-3 years of plantation (produces for 30-35 years)
• Seeds contain 50% oil (approx. 30% is extractable)
• Oil: non-edible
• Seed production: 0.8 to 5.2 tons per acre per annum (depending on soil and
irrigation)

3. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Gallons per acre
Oil producing crops

4. Processing of Biodiesel using Jatropha
seeds

5. Possible utilization of Jatropha Plant

6. How Jatropha-biodiesel and Petro-diesel
compare:
• Low emissions: Reduction in unburned hydrocarbons, CO, SO2 and particulate
matter. Slight increase in NOX
• Energy content: 94% (~70% for ethanol)
• Energy Balance: >3.2 (US DOE estimate with soy-biodiesel)

7. Jatropha Benefits
• Oil provides energy for
light, transportation, and
cooking.
• Jatropha is a natural fence
(leaves are poisonous to
animals).
• The Jatropha plant improves the
soil and prevents erosion.
• Jatropha biomass starts a year
after first planting, and is at a
maximum after 5 years.
• Glycerin, a by product of
Jatropha oil, can be used to
produce soap.

8. Jatropha Benefits
• Under optimum conditions
jatropha seeds can yield up
to 40% oil content.
• Trees have a lifespan of up to
30 years.
• Jatropha does not need
irrigation and can grow in
sand.
• After Crushing the seeds for
oil, the leftover seed mass is
used as excellent fertilizer.

9. Jatropha Benefits
• Small farms can easily introduce the
oil into their local communities.
• Creation of a sustainable bio-fuel
economy that would relieve poverty.
• The biomass market will provide job
opportunities for the local
community.
• The carbon dioxide absorption is 8 Kg.
per tree per Year and can be
converted into Carbon Credit
Certificates.

10. Jatropha Disadvantages
• The Jatropha Curcas nut and oil are
inedible, but its price is not distorted by
competing food uses.
• Potential gender conflicts.
– Second income to make soap.
• If there is too little water, the plant will not
produce the nut.

11. Jatropha Curcas Specs
Jatropha Biodiesel properties compared with petro-diesel and EU standards
Property Units
Jatropha
biodiesel
Petroleum
diesel
E.U. standards
for biodiesel
Density @ 30C g/ml 0.88 0.85 > 0.8
Combustion point C 192 55 > 55
Kinetic viscosity cSt 4.84 08-Feb 5
Calorific potential MJ/kg 41 45 Undefined
Cetane number - 52 47.5 > 48
Ester content % > 99 0 > 99
Sulfur content % 0 < 0.5 < 0.55
Carbon residue % 0.024 < 0.35 < 0.1
Carbon residue % 0.024 < 0.35 < 0.1
• Source: The Biomass Project, 2000. Curcas Oil Methyl Ester. Nicaragua.

12. Jatropha Curcas Specs
Cultivation and Yield
Plantation of 2,500 trees per hectare.
Yield after Year
Kg seed equal to
per hectare Kg. Oil
1 250 115
2 1000 460
4 5000 2300
6 12000 5520

13. Biodiesel Advantages
• Higher cetane numbers of biodiesel compared to the
petroleum diesel indicates potential for higher
engine performance.
• Superior lubricating properties of biodiesel increases
functional engine efficiency.
• Higher flash point makes them safer to store.
• Biodiesel is oxygenated so its use dramatically
reduces toxic air emissions compared to petroleum
diesel.

14. Biodiesel Disadvantages
• Modifications are required for the vehicles.
• High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) values
– Solidification and clogging of the fuel system at
low temperatures (around 0°C).
– Can introduce additives to curb CFPP.
• Rubber seals, gaskets, and hoses made before
1994 should be replaced when using B100.

15. Jatropha Biodiesel Economics
• 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the United States (280
gallons per acre).
• 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe (740 gallons
per acre).
• 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226 gallons per acre)
in India.

16. Jatropha Biodiesel Economics4

17. Biodiesel and the Environment
• Biodiesel is considered "climate neutral"
because all of the carbon dioxide released
during consumption had been sequestered
out of the atmosphere during crop growth.
• Combustion of one liter of diesel fuel results
in the emission of about 2.6 kilograms of CO2.

18. Raw Materials
 Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)
 Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)
 Soybean oil (USA)
 Palm oil (Malaysia)
 Linseed, olive oils (Spain)
 Cottonseed oil (Greece)
 Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha
(Nicaragua), Guang-Pi (China)

19. Oil Extraction
• There are two process for oil extraction from
jatropha seed.
– Mechanical
• Manually 50% Electrically 60%
– Chemical
• Solvent Extraction
– Hexane is mostly used
– 48%-98% Extraction Efficiency
– Cheap, Narrow Distillation Range.

20. Bio diesel Production Basics
• Basic routes
 Homogenous Base catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Homogenous Acid catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Enzyme Catalyzed trans-esterification.
 Trans-esterification using Super Critical Alcohol.
 Trans-esterfication using Heterogeneous Catalyst.

21. Bio Diesel - Manufacture
CH2-O-COR CH2-OH
| KOH, rt, 6h |
CH-O-COR + 3R’OH 3RCOOR’ + CH-OH
| |
CH2-O-CO-R CH2-OH
(100 kg) (10.55 kg) (.1 kg) (100 kg) (10.55 kg)
Oil Alcohol KOH Bio Diesel Glycerin

22. Base Catalyzed Trans-Esterification
 NaOH is the main component used due to being cheaper.
 Raw materials needed is a refined vegetable oil (otherwise
saponification reaction would consume the catalyst.
 Purification of glycerol is difficult
 Reaction time is about 1-2hrs.
 This time it is the most cheapest method available.
 Amount of equipment is high.

23. Acid Catalyzed Trans-Esterification
• Sulphuric Acid is commonly used.
• Reaction is 4000 times slower than base catalyzed.
• No soap production is their.
• It can treat less pure fatty acids with some fatty
acids/or water in it.
• Neutralization, Purification & Separation processes are
required.
• Due to increase in effluents as non desirable by-
products result in material & energy losses.
• Bigger investment is required.

24. Comparison Of Different Methods

25. Effect of Free Fatty Acid (FFA)
Soap formation
Excessive utilization of alkali
Loss of yield
Slower reaction
Incomplete conversion
For best conversion FFA should be lower than 0.8%

26. Troubleshooting in high FFA containing
oils
Formation of soap
Reduction in catalyst efficiency
Separation process is difficult
Low yield of Easter (Bio diesel)
Therefore, two stage method was used
Esterification of FFA with mineral acid
Tranesterification with lye

27. Economics
1. Farming
2. Oil extraction
3. Transesterification to Biodiesel

28. Farming Economics

29. Extraction Economics
• Extraction Units close
to cultivation.
• Extration capacity: 3000
tons/year
• Oil extracted: ~30%

30. Biodiesel conversion economics
• Costs incurred:
Personnel, Methanol/Ethanol, Potassium
Hydroxide, Utilities, Equipments.
• Revenue: Biodiesel and Glycerol sales.
• ROR: 1.5 to 3 years

31. Breaking the Poverty Cycle
• Providing Employment: Harvesting is labor
intensive.
• Not eating into the food crop land
• Extracted oil used directly: electricity
generators, farm machines, indoor
lighting, etc.

32. Outlook
• Indian Railways: all trains run on B5 by 2010
• Daimler Chrysler: tie up with production
facility in Gujrat; completed 10,000 kms of
test runs on the CDI engines
• TATA Motors biodiesel bus-fleet.
• Immense interest shown by private investors
• Villages developing cooperatives

33. Business/Research Opportunity
• Solvent extraction of esters from seeds
• Seed variety for stabilized yield
• Electricity production using Jatropha oil
• Transportation issues

34. Thank You