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More from Rickettsia Rickettsii (20)
Bladder cancer HY
- 1. Bladder cancer
Epidemiology
• >90% urothelial carcinoma
• ↑ Risk with smokers & exposure to industrial carcinogens
Manifestations
• Painless hematuria throughout micturition
• Irritative voiding symptoms (eg, frequency, urgency, dysuria)
• Regional pain
Diagnosis
• Flexible cystoscopy with biopsy (gold standard)
• Urine cytology
Staging
• TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor)
• Upper urinary tract imaging (eg. MRI, CT, intravenous
pyelogram)
Treatment
• No muscle invasion: TURBT & intravesical immunotherapy
• Muscle invasion: radical cystectomy & systemic
chemotherapy
• Metastatic: systemic chemotherapy & immunotherapy