Etiology, types, pathogenesis, diagnosis, sign and symptoms of meningitis

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MENINGITIS
Nem Kumar Jain
MS (Pharm.) Pharmacology & Toxicology
Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy
ITM University Gwalior

2. MENINGITIS
• Meningitis is an inflammatory process involving the leptomeninges within the
subarachnoid space.
• Meningitis:
• Non-Infective Meningitis: chemical, irritants, non-microbial debris, cancer,
autoiimune disorder (lupus), neurosurgery, adverse effects to drugs (intrathecal
injection)
• Infective Meningitis: Bacteria, virus, fungal infection
• if the infection spreads into the underlying brain, it is termed Meningo-
encephalitis.
Two inner layers
Leptomeninges

3. INFECTIVE MENINGITIS: ETIOLOGY AND TYPES
• Infectious meningitis can be broadly divided into
• Acute pyogenic (usually bacterial),
• Aseptic (usually viral), and
• Chronic (usually tuberculous, spirochetal, or fungal) subtypes.
1. Bacterial Meningitis:
Escherichia coli, group B streptococci , staphylococcus aureus(Infants)
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (young adults)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes (older adults)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Chronic Meningitis)
2. Viral Meningitis: herpes simplex virus, HIV, measles, west nile virus, Coxsackie virus
3. Fungal meningitis: Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans
4. Spirochetal meningitis: Neurosyphilis (Trepanema palidum)
5. Ricketssia meningitis compex: Rocky mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

5. MENINGITIS

6. MENINGITIS
• Diagnosis:
• CSF sample by lumbar puncture
• Microscopic examination

7. • Acute onset : headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, fever and vomiting
• on complication or chronic : hemorrhagic skin rash, development of seizures,
focal cerebral signs and cranial nerve palsies, coma and death
MENINGITIS