PAPILLOMATOSIS(WARTS)

1. PAPILLOMATOSIS

2. OUTLINE
Definition
Virus overview
Hosts
Route of transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vaccination
Control and prevention

3. PAPILLOMATOSIS
 Papillomatosis also known as warts are the reaction of
the skin to infection with papilloma virus which occur in
all species of domestic animals but very common on
many cattle particularly young stock
 In most cases they are a minor nuisance, but on
occasions warts can be a significant problem

4. VIRUS OVERVIEW
 Papillomaviruses are small , non-enveloped , icosahedral particles
 52-55nm in diameter
 There are 72 capsomeres
 The papilloma virus genome consists of circular double stranded
DNA
 Papilloma viruses are resistant to ether, high temp and low ph
Are oncogenic tumor viruses
Papilloma viruses are strictly species specific , site specific and
lesion specific
They only multiply in epithelial cells

5. The family comprises of many genus - alpha, beta, gamma,
delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi
and pi viruses
Important species causing disease in animals
Bovine papillomaviruses 3 and 5
Equine papillomavirus 1
Canine oral papillomavirus

6. HOSTS
Infect many animals including
 Humans
 Chimpanzee
 Monkeys
 Cattle
 Deer
 Dog
 Horse
 Sheep
 Elephant
 Elk
 Opossum
 Rabbit
 Birds

7. BOVINE PAPILLOMATOSIS
The recognized six types of bovine papillomaviruses are
associated with particular sites as follows:
•Types 1 and 2: head, neck and shoulders; penis and vaginal
mucosa
•Type 3: persistent papilloma's of the skin
•Type 4: papilloma's in the alimentary tract; malignant
transformation associated with concomitant bracken fern
ingestion has been reported
•Type 5: "rice-grain type" papilloma's of the teat
•Type 6: flattened (frond-like) papilloma's of the teat

8. EQUINE PAPILLOMATOSIS
(COMMON WARTS OF HORSES)
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9. ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION
• The method of spread is by direct contact with infected animals,
infection gaining entry through cutaneous abrasions or byfomites
• Virus can also persist on inanimate objects in live stock buildings
andinfect animals rubbing against them
• The calf can contract infection through direct contact during
suckling
• Crops of warts sometimes occur around ear tags, at branding sites
or along scratches made by barbed wire, and can be spread by
tattooing implements, dehorning shears and by procedures such
astuberculin testing
• An extensive outbreak of perianal warts is recorded in beef
heifers,the infection reported to be spread by rectal
examination forpregnancy
• Congenital infection is recorded in the foal and calf, but is rare

10. PATHOGENESIS
• Thevirus infects the basal keratinocytes, replicating its genome in the
diferentiating spinous and granular layers causingthe excessivegrowth that
is characteristic of wartformation.
• Papillomas are the result of basal cell hyperplasia without viralantigen
production
• Expressionof the late structural proteins of the virus is limited to the
differentiated cells of the squamous layer where the new virus particles are
encapsulated and shed into the environment asthe cellsdie.
• The tumor contains epithelial and connective tissues and canbe a
papilloma or afibropapilloma, depending on therelative proportions of
epithelial and connective tissuepresent
• Papillomas contain little connective tissue, and fibropapillomas aremostly
fibrous tissue, with very little epithelialtissue.
• fibropapillomas are uncommon in horses, but are the common in cattle,
sheep, and wild ruminants

12. Warts caused by the Xipapillomavirus group have acauliflower-like
appearance and can attain the size of a fist
Cutaneous fibropapillomas caused by Deltapapillomavirus group
have a
nodular appearance

16. • Papilloma develop as small nodular growths of the skin or mucous
membrane
• They initially grow slowly, but then more rapidly and eventually
become larger, horny, pendulant and sometimes cauliflower in shape
• They ultimately necrose and fall off
• They may occur on the penis of the bull and in the vaginal mucosa of
the female, resulting in breeding difficulty
• After about a year there is usually spontaneous recovery

17. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Cosmopolitan
• Oral papillomatosis occurs in dogs and rabbits but the
disease is uncommon in sheep and pigs
• The infective virus concentrated in the outer keratinized
epithelium of the papilloma and when shed, can readily
contaminate fomites such as fences, stanchions and boards
of the stable. These fomites with virus readily transmit the
disease tosusceptible cattle by causing skin wound
• The risk factors include:
1. Age
2. Milking
3. Immunosuppression

18. CLINICAL FINDINGS
•The incubation period for cutaneous warts produced by BPV is
about 30 days, and the duration of naturally and experimentally
produced fibropapillomas ranges from 1-12 months before
regression
•Warts are occur anywhere on the body but are mostcommonly
seen in the head and neck area
•Less common but often more important sites include teats and
scrotum
•Warts vary greatly in shape from almost flat pea-sized lumps to
large orange balls on stalks
•Affected animals are usually otherwise healthy, and there are
normally no systemic effects

20. DIAGNOSIS
• History and clinical sign
• Histology
• DNAidentification by PCR
• Biopsy or tissue scraping
• Immunohistochemical staining

21. The histopathological slides of papillomatosis,
showing excessive proliferation of stratum basale

22. TREATMENT
• There is no completely effective treatment, particularly for severe
cases
• Simple surgical removal of the warts
• Cryosurgery withliquid nitrogen has recently come into use and
should be very effective when the cutaneous papillomas are not
too large
• Autogenous vaccine reported to be successful
• Recovery in 3-6 weeks is recorded in 80-85% caseswhere the
wartsare on the body surface or penis of cattle but in only 33%
when the warts are on the teats
• Binary ethylenimine inactivated virus vaccine of BPV-1,2
reported to be effective for prevention and for therapeutics

23. •Approximately 2 gm wart tissues should be collectedfrom the body of the
affected animal after cleaning the sites with the help of a sharp knife
•The wart tissues should be made into small pieces with a sterile scissors and
then prepare a paste with the help of mortem and pestle in buffered glycerol
(50% glycerol- saline) and finally prepare 10% suspension in glycerol- saline
•This suspension should be centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes and then
the supernatant should be collected
•The virulent virus should be inactivated with formalin (0.4% 20 ml
suspension) an antibiotics solution (streptomycin plus penicillin) should
be added to make the vaccine sterile
•It can be injected (5.0 ml) subcutaneously but better results for intradermal
injection and two injection 1-2 weeks apart are recommended
•Recovery in 3-6 weeks is recorded in 80-85% cases where the warts are on
the body surface or penis of cattle but in only 33% when the warts are on the
teats

24. CONTROL AND PREVENTION
• Disinfection with formaldehyde of stalls, fence posts and
other
environmental virus reservoirs can prevent transmission.
• Tattoo or tagging pliers can be disinfected between use
on calves, with 2 to 4%solution of formaldehyde
• Maintain two sets of the instruments and alternate them
in use there by providing adequate time in the
formaldehyde to inactivate the virus