FIRST AID TREATMENT OF ANIMALS ESPECIALLY PETS

1. SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. SHAHID HUSSAIN FAROOQI
SUBMITTED BY:
REHAN SHAHID
2017-DVMN-025
MUHAMMAD MUTAHIR REHMAN
2017-DVMN-029

2.  First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury
 It is usually performed by non-experts (or sometimes by an expert in case of an
emergency), to a sick or injured animal until definitive medical treatment can be
accessed
 It generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving
techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment

3. PRESERVE LIFE
PREVEENT CONDITION FROM BECOMING WORST
PROMOTE RECOVERY

5.  AIRWAY
 BREATHING
 CIRCULATION

6.  What is it?
 What causes it?
 Signs and symptoms
 How to treat?

7.  In an emergency your body responds by releasing certain hormones called
adrenalin
 Your heart beats faster and your breathing is deeper and more rapid
 You must stay calm! Taking slow, deep breaths will help you to calm down,
leaving you better able to remember your First Aid procedures
 A First Aider must always protect himself/herself first and try to prevent cross
infection by washing his/her hands with soap and water, and wearing protective
gloves

8. When assessing a casualty you must determine if it is a medical or trauma case
Medical Cases Involve Natural Illnesses such as:
• Asthma
• Fainting
• Seizure
• Stroke
• Heart Attack

9. • Laceration
• Abrasion
• Burns and scalds
• Fractures
• Amputation
• Stab/puncture
• Fall
• Motor Vehicle Accident

10. First Aid Kit
The following list will help you assemble the resources you need:
 1" and 2" adhesive tape
• 2" roll gauze (for muzzle)
• Rectal thermometer
• Chlorhexidine or povidone iodine (antiseptic)
• Elizabethan collar
• Eye wash (saline in a squirt bottle)
• Isopropyl alcohol 3% hydrogen peroxide (or syrup of ipecac)
• 2" and 4" gauze

11. First Aid Kit

12. CONDITIONS WHERE FIRST AID IS NEEDED
• Abscess
• Bandaging
• Bee Stings / Insect Bites
• Bleeding
• Bloat
• Burns
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
• Chemical Injuries
• Dehydration
• Diarrhea and Vomiting
• Difficult Birth
• Electrocution
• First Aid for Choking
• First Aid for Poisoning
• Fractures / Injuries
• Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke, Heat
Prostration)
• Near Drowning
• Nosebleed
• Shock
• Snakebite
• Straining
• Sunburn
• Fainting
• Eye injuries

13. It may appear as a painful swelling or, if it has ruptured, as a draining wound
What to Do
• If it has ruptured, clean the wound with soap (not detergent) and water. Rinse well and pat dry.
Repeat several times a day
• If there is swelling, apply warm, moist compresses for 10 to 15 minutes. Repeat 3 or 4 times daily
• Gentle massage can drain the abscess

14. Abscess in horse and cattle

15. Bee Stings / Insect Bites
• Any insect or spider can cause problems if they bite or sting your animal
• A bite or sting causes swelling, redness, and itching
• Certain stings can cause your animal to "faint" or cause an alarming swelling in the face
What to Do:
• If the stinger can be found, pull it out with tweezers by grasping the stinger itself, located below
the venom sac. If the sting just happened, don't put pressure on the venom sac, as that would
"inject" more of the venom into the animal
• Apply cool compresses to the area
• To help neutralize some of the acidic venom, apply a paste mixture of baking soda and water to
the sting area

17. Wasp sting affected dogs

18. Bandaging
We use bandages for several reasons:
• To protect wounds from the environment
• To protect the environment from wounds
• To discourage the animal from licking or irritating a wound
• To support for strains or sprains
• To prevent motion

20. Bandaging
Important considerations:
 After cleaning the wound, the contact layer is the first layer applied.
Ideally, this layer should:
• Be sterile and inert
• Stay in close contact with, but not stick to, the wound
• Be very absorbent
• Be free of particles or fibers that might shed into the wound
• Conform to all shapes. Allow drainage to pass to the next layer without
becoming wet

21. Protocol of Bandaging
• After cleaning the wound, place the contact layer over the wound
• It is desirable to apply an antibiotic ointment to the pad, but this is not absolutely necessary
• Frequent bandage changes are more important
• After the contact layer is in place, apply the second (absorbent) layer to hold the contact layer
snugly, but not tightly, over the wound
• This layer is usually a cotton material which comes in various widths
• Generally, 1-inch rolls are used for small limbs and the tail, 2-inch rolls are for medium-sized
legs, and the 3- and 4-inch rolls are for large legs and the body
• It is important to use the proper size

22. Bandage on Cattle

23. BLOAT
 A life-threatening condition in which the stomach fills with air (dilatation)
and, or twists upon itself (volvulus)
 Is the most frequent problem in ruminants
What to Do
• Pass the stomach tube so that if it is gassy bloat it may resolves by this
• If condition is more severe than it can also be resolved by the use of trocar and cannula
• For frothy bloat give antifoaming or ant zymotic drugs
• In frothy bloat use of oils i.e. turpentine oil , linseed oil etc. are also helpful
• Animal must be removed from Pasteur diet and put onto high fiber diet

24. Application of Trocar and Cannula in Bloat

25. BURNS
Any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity
What to Do
• Extinguish all flames
• For thermal or electrical burns, immediately apply cold water compresses to the site of the injury,
changing them frequently as necessary to keep the site cool and wet
• Continue this for at least 30 minutes
What NOT to Do
• Do not apply ointments
• Do not attempt to remove burned hair or skin yourself

26. Fire Burn Cases

27. DEHYDRATION
 Excess loss of water from the body or inappropriate intake of water into the
body
What to Do
• If mild, give frequent, small amounts of water by mouth
• If moderate to high administer fluid through subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal routes
• If the feeding is discontinued from mouth then administer fluid as per:
• Dextrose by morning
• Lactates by afternoon
• Dextrose by evening
• The concentration of fluid administration is according to the percentage dehydration

28. DEHYDRATION
What NOT to Do
• Do not allow the animal to have immediate free access to water or other liquid
• Do not feed him any dry food
 Dehydration often accompanies vomiting, diarrhea, hypothermia, fever, no
access to water, and other conditions

29. DIFFICULT BIRTH
• At the beginning of labor, the contractions may be infrequent, weak, or
incomplete
• The female may continue for up to 3 hours before a veterinary examination is
necessary
• If the contractions are frequent, regular, and strong, and no young is produced in
15 to 30 minutes (varies acc. to spp.), the animal should be taken to a veterinarian

30. What to Do
STEP 1:
• If a baby is visible in the birth canal and
appears stuck, gently grasp the foot or feet
• With a steady motion gently pull on the
baby only when the female is contracting

31. What to Do
STEP 2:
• When the baby is born, it will likely be covered in a
membrane
• If the mother doesn't remove it, tear this
membrane
• Remove it from the head region of the baby

32. What to Do
STEP 3:
• If the mother doesn't remove the umbilical cord tie it
with a piece of string one fourth of an inch from the
baby's abdomen
• Then cut the cord one half of an inch from the
with a sharp scissor
• Apply iodine to the stump

33. What to Do
STEP 4:
• Keep the babies warm
• It is best to leave them with their mother, but
sometimes she doesn't stay with them
• In this instance, put a milk bottle filled with warm
water near the babies
• A hot water bottle works, as does a heating pad

34. What NOT to Do
• Do not put your fingers in the birth canal as you may cause infection
• Do not forcibly attempt to remove a baby
• Do not assist delivery by pulling on the head of a baby
• Do not lift the baby by the umbilical cord

35. CHEMICAL INJURIES
Injury to tissue caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and
strong cleaning supplies
What to Do
• Wash the contaminated area with large volumes of flowing water for at least 15 minutes
• In the case of dry chemicals, brush them away carefully, taking special care to protect your and your
animal's eyes, nose, and mouth
• If the chemical is in the eye, flush the eye with large volumes of water or saline for 15 minutes

36. CHEMICAL INJURIES
What not to do:
• Do not apply "neutralizing agents" to the skin or
eyes. They can cause a chemical reaction that
produces heat and cause further injury to tissues
• Do not immerse your animal in "non-flowing"
water if a dry chemical has spilled on him. These
dry chemicals are usually activated by water. The
water must be flowing in order to rinse the
chemical away

37. ELECTROCAUTION
In order to avoid injury to yourself, it is imperative that you do not touch the
animal until the electrical source has been turned off or moved
 What to Do
• Unplug the electrical cord or shut off the electricity
• If this is not possible, use a dry wooden broom or other non-conductive object to move the animal
away from the source of the electricity
• Check for breathing and pulse. Begin CPR if necessary
• If the animal is breathing, check its mouth for burns. Apply cool compresses to burns
• Cover the animal with a blanket to prevent heat loss

38. Cattles died due to Electrocution

39. FIRST AID FOR CHOKNG
Choking is interference with breathing caused by foreign material in, or
compression on, the trachea
If the animal is Unconscious Perform a Finger Sweep:
• Open your animal's mouth and perform a finger sweep by placing your finger along the inside of the
mouth
• Sliding it down toward the center of the throat over the base of the tongue
• Gently "sweeping" toward the center to remove any foreign material
 Warning: there is a structure deep in the throat (the Adam's Apple) that feels like a smooth
bone. Do not attempt to pull it out!

40. What to Do
• If air is not entering the lungs, slap the animal's chest wall firmly
• Place your hands over the abdomen near the bottom of its rib cage
• Gently, but firmly thrusting toward the spine
• Perform a finger sweep and begin rescue breathing
• Repeat until the foreign body is clear and the lungs can be inflated
• If the animal is Conscious Stay calm and try to keep the animal calm
• If the animal is overheated, wrap him in a Wet towel
• Be careful to distinguish the two: attempting to give first aid to a animal who is merely
coughing can injure the animal

42. POISONING
Before giving first aid to any poisoning case , you must know first
1. What product caused the poisoning and how much was ingested?
2. When did the poisoning occur?
3. What symptoms are your animal exhibiting?
4. Can you retrieve a container or label from the poisonous substance to determine the active
ingredient?

43. What to Do
In case of poisoning the best thing is to induce vomiting
Do not induce vomit if:
• The animal is unconscious, semi-conscious, or convulsing
• There is evidence that the poison was:
i. A strong acid, an alkali (such as bleach)
ii. A animalroleum product
iii. A cleaning product
iv. The substance was ingested more than 3 hours ago
To induce vomit:
• Give full strength (3%) hydrogen peroxide by mouth at a dosage of 1 tablespoon per 15 to
20 pounds of body weight
• Give ipecac to animals

44. FAINTING/DIZZINESS
(SYNCOPE)
• Fainting is the sudden loss of consciousness or a sudden and marked weakness
• It may be associated with anything from low blood sugar to severe heart disease
• Bee stings are frequently a cause of syncope
What to Do
• Immediately position the animal with the head down and the hind quarters elevated
• Cover the animal with a blanket to preserve body heat
• If the animal vomits, make sure he does not inhale any of the vomitus into his lungs

45. What Not to Do
• Do not administer anything by
mouth
• It can be aspirated into the lungs
and cause serious problems
• Do not slap the animal or douse
him with cold water trying to shock
him into consciousness

46. NEAR DROWNING
Suffocation by drowning is caused by the filling of the lungs with water or other
fluid
What to Do
• Remove the animal from the water
• Place him on his side with his head and neck extended
• It's preferable to have the head slightly lower than the body
• Pull the tongue forward and expel any water from the lungs and stomach by gently pushing on the
chest wall and stomach.

47. What to Do
• Begin CPR as required
• Cover the animal to avoid further heat loss
• Seek veterinary help as soon as possible
What NOT to Do
• Do not fail to seek veterinary help just because your resuscitation is successful and your
animal seems to be recovering
• Numerous secondary complications (i.e electrolyte imbalance, pneumonia, secondary
drowning) can occur

48. NOSEBLEED
A nosebleed is bleeding or hemorrhage from the nose
What to Do
• Notice if the blood is coming from one nostril (note which one) or both nostrils
• If the animal is sneezing, note how often
• Attempt to keep the animal calm. Encourage the animal to lie down and relax
• Place an ice pack (covered by one or more layers of cloth) or compress to the side of the nose
• If the nose is bleeding profusely or the bleeding lasts more than 10 minutes, seek veterinary
attention

49. What Not to Do
• Do not put anything up the nose. This
will likely cause the animal to sneeze.
Sneezing will dislodge a clot if one has
formed and the bleeding will resume
• A bloody nose in a cat or dog may be
associated with foreign bodies (foxtail
awns are common), polyps, infections,
poisoning, bleeding disorders, or even
cancer. It is a sign whose significance
should not be underestimated

50. PARALYSIS
• Paralysis is the inability to voluntarily move a part or parts of the body
• The paralyzed part (legs, neck, etc.) may be
i. Rigid
ii. Stiff
iii. Relaxed
iv. Flaccid

51. What to Do
• Calm the animal. If necessary, cover with a blanket
• Muzzle the animal if there is any danger of being bitten
• Transport the animal using one of the best suitable techniques
What Not to Do
• Do not assume the animal won't bite
• Do not encourage the animal to move about
• Do not medicate the animal unless instructed to do so by a veterinarian

52. SNAKE BITE
When your animal is "struck" by a snake, it is best to assume it is a poisonous
bite
What to Do
• Immobilize the part of the animal that has been bitten by the snake
• Try to keep it at or below the level of the heart
• Keep the animal calm and immobile; carry if necessary
• Seek veterinary attention as soon as possible
• Try to retrieve the snake if it can be done without risk
• It is sometimes helpful to identify the type of snake

53. What Not to Do
• Do not cut over the fang marks
• Do not manipulate the bitten area any more than needed
• Do not allow the animal to move about freely
• Do not ice pack or tourniquet the area
• Do not administer any medications except on a veterinarian's advice
• Do not use electric shock on the area

54. Snake Bite wounds

55. SUNBURN
• Sunburn is damage to the tissues caused by exposure to the sun's rays
• It’s not a big problem in large animals but have cause severe damage to small animals
What to Do
• Prevention is much better than treatment. Keep your animals out of direct sunlight
• If your animal must be in the sun, apply sunblock containing PABA only
• If your animal has burned, apply liberal quantities of an aloe vera preparation
What NOT to Do
• Do not apply any other form of medication without first discussing it with Your veterinarian
 Animals are usually covered by hair, fur, or pigmented skin that protects them from the harmful rays of the
sun. Any circumstance that removes this natural protection may allow the animal to receive enough radiation
to burn

56. Cow Sunburns

57. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure
that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in
an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further
measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and
breathing in an animal who is in cardiac arrest

58. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

59. Protocol of CPR
The recommendations for CPR in animals include the following:
 Put the heel of your dominant hand at the center of the person’s chest
Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface, such as a floor. You cannot
effectively perform CPR if a person is in bed or in a seated position
 Put your other hand over your dominant hand, then interlock your fingers
If you’re doing CPR on a child (someone one to eight years old), you can use one
hand. For a baby (someone newborn to 12 months old), you use two fingers.
 Start chest compressions
Lean directly over the person and keep your arms straight. Press down into their
chest, then come up. It’s important to let the chest rise again fully. You should be trying
to push down about two inches, or five centimeters

60.  Open the person’s mouth
Perform 100 to 120 chest compressions per minute of one-third to one-half of the chest width,
with the animal lying on its side
 Add a rescue breath
Ventilate intubated dogs and cats at a rate of 10 breaths per minute. For mouth-to-snout
ventilation, maintain a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30-2
 Watch the chest fall, then do another rescue breath
Once the animal’s chest is settled, you can re-adjust the head if needed, then complete another
rescue breath
 Continue the 30 compressions, 2 breaths cycle
Do this until EMS arrives, the scene becomes unsafe, or if the person wakes up. If you can, switch
out with another trained person, every two minutes

61.  Ophthalmic emergencies require rapid diagnosis and appropriate and often
aggressive therapy for maintenance of vision
 It is critical to assess the patient's potential for vision by performing a menace
response, dazzle reflex, and direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes (PLRs)

62. • Eyelid lacerations should be repaired as soon as possible
• Lacerations involving the lid margin require precise apposition to prevent long
term notch defects and an impaired lid function
• A two-layer closure is recommended in all species, with the deep layer involving
the tarsus and orbiculis oculi muscle (interrupted horizontal mattress 3-0 to 6-0
absorbable sutures) and the superficial layer (skin) apposed with a figure of eight
suture at the eyelid margin followed by simple interrupted sutures using 3-0 to 6-
0 silk

65. THANK YOU