ERGONOMICS(PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT).pptx

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‘IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT, THE MOST
MERCIFUL.’
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ERGONOMICS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

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 GROUP MEMBERS
1. Sumaiya Arif (15)
2. Aqsa Amjad (20)
3. Sakhi Jamil (17)
4. Mehak Zafar (18)
5. Sajal Asad (21)
6. Nabiha Saeed (16)
7. Abdul Aleem (19)
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What is Physical Environment?
H o w p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a ff e c t Wo r k p e r f o r m a n c e ?
What is Vibration?
H o w t o m e a s u r e i t ?
What is Lighting?
What is Sound?
Contrast Sensitivity
Structural Features.
Chemicals & Toxins ,Allergies .
Air Quality & Water Quality .
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 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
oIt refers to the external surrounding conditions in
which a person lives & which influence a person’s
health & work.
(OR)
oThe environment surrounding the person, in which an
individual works.
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 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT:
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There are three types of environment in which a
person works. These are;
o Outside environment
o Inside environment
o Enclosed machine
All these environments affect the person’s work,
who live in these environments.

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 OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT:
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The person may work outside,
where natural environmental
characteristics affect
performance.
o FOR EXAMPLE;
Jackhammer, large truck etc.

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INSIDE ENVIRONMENT:
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A worker might be in an indoor
environment, in which other issues
come into play.
o FOR EXAMPLE;
Artificial lighting etc.

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ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT:
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It is the third environment in
which a person works.
o FOR EXAMPLE;
Front-end loader etc.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:
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Some environmental issues can be the same regardless
of whether the worker is in outside, inside or in an
operating machinery. These issues are;
1) OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT;
Equipment can often be noisy, can vibrate & can
move around erratically while a person is working.
2) INSIDE ENVIRONMENT;
An increase amount of light at night lower melatonin
production, which results in headache, stress, anxiety,
fatigue etc.
3) ENCLOSED MACHINE;
Mechanical shock exposure to equipment operators
when operating on rough surfaces.

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 CASE STUDY:
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Mark owns a large landscaping business. He has two physical environments in
which he works.
• The first environment is the outside environment. In this environment, he is
coping with high light & heat conditions. He is working in such a cold or might
be such a hot weather. So the outside physical environment varies greatly for
him & depends on the season of the year.
• The inside of the larger pieces of equipment that he drives is the second
environment. Most of his equipment, other than jackhammer, is equipment in
which he sits & operates to move & work with heavy materials. The inside of
such equipment can be noisy, can vibrate & can move around while a person
is working.
 Mark is very aware of the safety considerations, incorporates many safety
features into his equipment, & provides protection against noise by ensuring
that there is an ear protection equipment in each piece of machinery.
CONCLUSION;
Presently, Mark doesn’t have any health concerns, but many aspects of his
physical environment having difficulties in future. The solution of all these
problems is to provide with appropriate equipment at the workplace.

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 VIBRATIONS:
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• Vibration is a motion that repeats over & over.
(OR)
• A motion that repeats itself.
oVibration can vary both in size(amplitude) & in how
often it repeats(frequency)
oVibration can occurs either because of equipment
that a person is handling or translated to a person in
a Whole Body sense. (Vibration that affects the
whole body)
oWBV(Whole Body Vibration) occurs often in
enclosed-machine environment.

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 SEVERAL DEFINITIONS ARE USED IN
THE UNDERSTANDING OF VIBRATION
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1. Cycle
2. Amplitude
3. Frequency
4. Resonant Frequency
5. Random Vibration

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1) CYCLE;
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Movement of body from an
undisturbed position to
maximum position in one
direction through equilibrium
& to other extreme or
minimum position.
o EXAMPLE;
Pendulum etc.

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2) AMPLITUDE;
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The maximum displacement of
the object.
Maximum amplitude is ‘4’ in this
case.

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3) FREQUENCY;
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The number of times that an object
completes one cycle in a given
amount of time.
It is measured in Hertz(Hz).
The frequency of sound vibrations
that a healthy, young adult can
hear can range up to
approximately 20,000 Hz.

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4) RESONANT FREQUENCY;
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If the frequency of an object,
including tissues in a person, has
a natural frequency & this
frequency is same as an external
excitation then the object is
resonant which means there will
be excessive amplitude present
in the object.

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5) RANDOM VIBRATIONS;
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The value of signal at any
time can’t be predicted. It is
difficult for people to
prepare for a random event.
FOR EXAMPLE;
During driving into a
pothole, in a cold weather,
especially when a pothole is
not easily visible to the
driver(as in case of fog)

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 MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATIONS;
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Vibration can be measured using
Biochemical equipment. (e.g.
accelerometer)
o ACCELEROMETER-a piece of
equipment that measures
acceleration.
o ACCELERATION-rate of
change of velocity.

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MEASUREMENT; (cont.)
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• It is not always easy to reduce vibration. Engineers often
try to understand the causes of vibration & then design
equipment with reduced vibratory amplitude.
• Solutions for the worker may be difficult to manage,
however, it is important when possible, to have the
individual exposed to as few vibratory incidents as
possible.
• Vibratory environments such as moving vehicle, &
particularly, heavy machinery can cause degenerative
changes to the body.
• Vibrations measured at the levels of the vertebrae in
heavy truck operators.

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 LIGHTING:
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• It is a wave, similar to a wave on the surface of ocean.
• Light wave can travel in empty space as it does between
the sun & the earth.
• Lighting can facilitate a worker’s sight if it is at right level
but can impede function if it is either too high or too low.
• Not only can it impede performance it can also damage
the worker’s vision.
• Light in an indoor environment includes both:
1) Ambient light from outside.
2) Artificial light.
Quality & Quantity of light can vary in work environment.

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 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT;
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• Light can be measured by examining the light
reflected off a surface.
• Some objects can generate their own light
Luminous objects.
a. Sun
b. Burning candles
• Some objects can’t generate their own light they
are Non-luminous objects.
a. Table
b. Chair
c. Wall

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 Those subject that can’t generate
own light then how can we see them?
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oWe are able to see them because of Reflection.
• Light coming from luminous object.
• Falls on non-luminous object.
• Non-luminous object reflect the light.
• Reflected the light travel to our eyes & we can
see the objects

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o Other ergonomic issues such as awkward posture &
repetitive motions have gained awareness but
lighting is often forgotten in workplace.
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o Lighting ergonomics is essential
because poor lighting can lead to
the following:
1) High employee error rates
2) Eye fatigue
3) Low productivity
4) Inability to select & match correct
colors
5) Safety hazards

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How to correct light issues
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• Compare the average illumination at
your workplace to recommended level.
• Look if there are shadow affecting
workplaces.
• Enquire from employees if they are
suffer from squinting & eye strain while
working.
• Make full use of natural lighting.
• Position the workstation in relation to
light sources to avoid shadow or glare.
• Monitor shouldn’t surrounded by bright
light.

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(cont.)
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• Balance overhead & ambient light.
• Use light color paints for walls & ceiling for
reflection.

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 SOUND;
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• Sound is a combination of simple or complex
waveforms.
• Sounds are all around us, but when sound is interfering,
either because it is unwanted & disrupts concentration
or because it is too loud(which would be considered
noise, it can interfere with a worker’s functioning.
Factors that affect noise risk include;
1) Duration of exposure
2) Frequency of the sound
3) Individual susceptibility
4) Vulnerability resulting from environmental factors
5) Vulnerability resulting from biological factors

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 Unpleasant sound:
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• Sound is the result of wave activity in the air that
reaches a person’s ear.
• But the noise is a subset of sound that is either annoying
to the person and may interfere with performance of
tasks or is so loud that it is injurious to a person’s
hearing.
• A person can negatively influenced by sound in a variety
of ways. Sound then can be consider as NOISE.
FOR EXAMPLE;
Researches have found that reaction time on a visual
display terminal task can be prolonged.
Workers report that concentration was impaired by office
noise.

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 MEASUREMENT OF SOUND;
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The intensity of sound is measured in terms
of sound pressure level & common unit is
DECIBLE(dB) used.
 Sound level meter(SLM)
• SLM is a digital measuring instrument.
• It is placed at a place where
measurement of noise is required.
• The instrument must always be
positioned away from direct source,
vibration & from obstruction.

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(cont.)
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• After placing it, it gives reading on screen
once we get the reading then we can compare
them with standards to understand the level of
noise.

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 CONTRAST SENSITIVITY;
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• It is the ability to perceive sharp &
clear outlines of very small objects.
• It is the ability to see differences
between different tonalities of
surfaces.
• It is the ability to see a shade of gray
on white background or to see white
on light gray background.

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 MEASUREMENT;
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• Contrast sensitivity can be measured
by Pelli Robson Chart.
• In this chart the person will be able to
distinguish the letters only to a certain
level of sensitivity.
• This chart clearly, then his contrast
sensitivity is high.
• If the person has any disorder then he
will not be able to read chart clearly
so it means his contrast sensitivity is
low.

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 FOR EXAMPLE;
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Stairs have strips on the edges to either
denote boundaries within which the
worker can work to denote a change in
surface characteristics. These strips
are different from background.

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 PURPOSE;
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• It is a subjective of measurement of person
ability to detect a low contrast pattern stimuli.
• The resulting measurement is to give more
accurate Representation of the eyes visual
performance.

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 STRUCTURAL FEATURES;
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• Structural features of the environment are extremely
important & can be designed to lighten the workload
& improve performance.
• If the surface of the environment is not considered,
the opposite may occur—the worker may have
difficulty, & performance may be degraded.

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 GROUND CHARACTERISTICS;
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• Ground characteristics such as soil or ground
conditions & other working surfaces may influence
the safety of the worker.
• The interrelationship between a worker’s footwear
& the ground is dependent on friction(both static &
dynamic)
• Antislip buttons of shoes & thread grooves may
provide a foot hold safety & balance to the worker.

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 EQUIPMENT RELATED TO POSTURE;
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• Workstation height & orientation,
when adjusted optimally for worker
can help both wrist & upper extremity
posture.
• Workplace layout, specially the way
of moving objects to be lifted affect
kinematics & loads of workers
spines.

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 TEMPERATURE;
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• Temperature should be
comfortable for worker.
• If the temperature of
environment is not safe for
worker then the body will be
under stress.
• Temperature can also
influenced by movement of
machinery that itself can
generate heat.

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 CHEMICALS;
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• Chemicals are widely used in industries to make different
products & thus the workers are in contact with these
chemicals.
• Chemicals can be toxic for human health when they enter or
contact the body.
TOXINS;
• A toxin is any chemical that can injure or kill humans, plants or
animals. This term is used when referring to a toxic substance
produced naturally.
TOXICITY OF A CHEMICAL;
It depends on three factors. These are;
1) Its chemical nature.
2) Extent to which it is absorbed by body.
3) Body’s ability to detoxify & eliminate it from body.

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 WAYS OF TOXINS TO ENTER BODY;
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• Food
• Air
• Soil
• HAZARDS TO HUMAN
HEALTH;
• When inhaled, toxins can
cause burns.
• Weakening of immune
system.
• Birth defects.
• Effects on mental or physical
development of children.

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 HOW TO HANDLE CHEMICALS SAFETY;
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• The answer to this is avoiding direct
contact with chemicals or containers that
are used to hold chemicals.
• Wear protective gloves.
• Communicates hazards to everyone in
facility.
• Make workers understand the safety
labels on containers or in rooms
containing chemicals.

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 ALLERGIES;
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• Some workers have allergies to different
aspects of their working environments.
 Allergens at workplace;
1) Debris
2) Foods
3) Latex
4) Odorants
5) Pollen
6) Dust
7) Mold
 Healthcare professionals often use latex gloves
to protect themselves from diseases such as
AIDS.

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 TREATMENT;
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• Local symptoms can be dealt with antihistamines.
• Systemic symptoms require major intervention such
as rescue medication.

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 AIR QUALITY;
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• The degree to which the air in a
particular place is pollution-free.
 Examples of bad Air Quality;
I. Coal mine
II. Poorly ventilated room
 AIR QUALITY INDEX(AQI)
The Air Quality Index is used for
reporting daily air quality. It tells you
how clean or polluted your air is,
• AQI Lahore=192
• AQI Sialkot=103

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 EFFECTS OF LOW AIR QUALITY;
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• Excess cardiorespiratory
motility.
• Asthma.
• Respiratory difficulties.
• Decreased lung function.
• Reduced immune function.

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 WATER QUALITY;
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• Water quality refers to the
chemical, physical, & biological
characteristics of water based on
the standards of its usage.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
PATIENCE!!!

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