This document provides an overview of the course Industrial Engineering (AE 481) taught by Salima Sultana Shimo at Bangladesh University of Textiles. It discusses the topic of ergonomics, which is the study of human interaction with machines and factors that affect this interaction. The document defines ergonomics, outlines its purposes of improving human-machine interaction and systems, and describes domains of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. It also discusses principles of ergonomics, evaluation methods, and the design of human-machine interface systems.
El documento muestra fotos de diferentes tipos de comida para tapear en Pekín como serpientes, gusanos de seda y escorpiones antes y después de ser asados, así como caballitos de mar y cigarras. La autora desea buen provecho y se despide hasta las Olimpiadas.
El documento expresa gratitud a Dios por las capacidades y posesiones que se tienen, como la capacidad de oír, ver y moverse, el tener una familia y comida, y un trabajo, a pesar de las quejas y problemas menores. Recuerda agradecer a Dios y no avergonzarse de creer en él.
The document encourages students to join the 2007-2008 MVMS ASB by providing information on when and where to sign up, requirements for running for officer positions, and benefits of being a member. Students can join ASB by attending meetings every Monday after school in room 708 or speaking with the advisors. To run for an officer position, students must submit an application packet signed by teachers and parents. Joining ASB allows students to help with dances, go on field trips, and contribute to the school in other ways.
Elsa Pataky publicó un video en sus redes sociales. El texto menciona repetidamente a Elsa Pataky y le dice que deje de publicar tantos videos y se ponga a trabajar. Finaliza con un "Ja, Ja..." de manera sarcástica.
La educación a distancia ofrece igualdad de oportunidades y puede ser un motor de desarrollo para los pueblos de Latinoamérica. En Ecuador, la educación a distancia comenzó en 1976 con la creación de la Modalidad a Distancia en la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, la cual se independizó y estableció como su propia institución en 1988.
Study of environmental factors at machining workstation a methodologyIJECSJournal
This is an approach for formulation of generalized field based data model for the process of tractor axle drilling workstation. Field based data modeling is applicable for any type of man-machine system. It forms the relationship between input and output variables. This type of modeling is used for improving the performance of system by suggesting or modifying the inputs for improving output. The process of axle drilling at Asha Industries Pvt. Ltd. is a man-machine system. The mathematical model will be useful in selecting the input variables so as to reduce human energy consumption and to improve the productivity. The quality of environment in workplace may simply determine the level of employee’s motivation, performance and productivity.The Tractor axle drilling process which is considered for study is a complex phenomenon & hence studies of environmental factors and its assessment while performing axle drilling is main objective of this paper.
This document provides an overview of the course Industrial Engineering (AE 481) taught by Salima Sultana Shimo at Bangladesh University of Textiles. It discusses the topic of ergonomics, which is the study of human interaction with machines and factors that affect this interaction. The document defines ergonomics, outlines its purposes of improving human-machine interaction and systems, and describes domains of ergonomics including physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. It also discusses principles of ergonomics, evaluation methods, and the design of human-machine interface systems.
El documento muestra fotos de diferentes tipos de comida para tapear en Pekín como serpientes, gusanos de seda y escorpiones antes y después de ser asados, así como caballitos de mar y cigarras. La autora desea buen provecho y se despide hasta las Olimpiadas.
El documento expresa gratitud a Dios por las capacidades y posesiones que se tienen, como la capacidad de oír, ver y moverse, el tener una familia y comida, y un trabajo, a pesar de las quejas y problemas menores. Recuerda agradecer a Dios y no avergonzarse de creer en él.
The document encourages students to join the 2007-2008 MVMS ASB by providing information on when and where to sign up, requirements for running for officer positions, and benefits of being a member. Students can join ASB by attending meetings every Monday after school in room 708 or speaking with the advisors. To run for an officer position, students must submit an application packet signed by teachers and parents. Joining ASB allows students to help with dances, go on field trips, and contribute to the school in other ways.
Elsa Pataky publicó un video en sus redes sociales. El texto menciona repetidamente a Elsa Pataky y le dice que deje de publicar tantos videos y se ponga a trabajar. Finaliza con un "Ja, Ja..." de manera sarcástica.
La educación a distancia ofrece igualdad de oportunidades y puede ser un motor de desarrollo para los pueblos de Latinoamérica. En Ecuador, la educación a distancia comenzó en 1976 con la creación de la Modalidad a Distancia en la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, la cual se independizó y estableció como su propia institución en 1988.
Study of environmental factors at machining workstation a methodologyIJECSJournal
This is an approach for formulation of generalized field based data model for the process of tractor axle drilling workstation. Field based data modeling is applicable for any type of man-machine system. It forms the relationship between input and output variables. This type of modeling is used for improving the performance of system by suggesting or modifying the inputs for improving output. The process of axle drilling at Asha Industries Pvt. Ltd. is a man-machine system. The mathematical model will be useful in selecting the input variables so as to reduce human energy consumption and to improve the productivity. The quality of environment in workplace may simply determine the level of employee’s motivation, performance and productivity.The Tractor axle drilling process which is considered for study is a complex phenomenon & hence studies of environmental factors and its assessment while performing axle drilling is main objective of this paper.
Project on ergonomics applied on college by Mayur and Yogesh of IIET, Kinanaਪੂਨਮ ਮਦਾਨ
This document presents a study on applying ergonomic principles to furniture and equipment at an engineering college. It examines ergonomics related to classroom furniture, including benches and blackboards/green boards. It also looks at ergonomics in the college workshop as applied to various machines. The goal is to analyze seating and workstation designs to reduce student fatigue and discomfort, improve productivity, and bring classroom and workshop setups in line with ergonomic standards. Data was collected on classroom furniture usage and measurements were taken of various machines to identify areas for improvement. The results provide insights on updating furniture and equipment to better accommodate student body sizes and prevent musculoskeletal issues.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car on five tables with rotations of five chairs. The time taken was observed and production rates were calculated and compared. The results showed that the taller student was more comfortable and efficient with the given chair-table combinations. Ergonomics aims to design workspaces that balance worker characteristics and task demands to enhance productivity, safety, and well-being. Consideration of anthropometrics and posture is important for office furniture to properly fit its users.
Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomicallyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace efficient, safe, and comfortable. Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can balance worker characteristics and task demands, enhancing productivity, safety, well-being, and satisfaction. This document analyzes the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights to determine the effects of non-ergonomic components on productivity. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car unit on five tables with five chairs of incrementally varying heights. The time taken was observed and production rate analyzed to determine which student was more comfortable and efficient with the given table-chair combinations. The results showed the taller student was more comfortable and efficient for that specific setup.
This report analyzes three tasks performed at Full Press Apparel: operating a heat press machine, the t-shirt transfer process, and t-shirt folding. For the heat press machine task, the analysis found issues with button placement requiring awkward postures and lack of job rotation. An adjustable chair is recommended to allow sitting or standing. The t-shirt transfer process uses an automated press machine handled by two operators; potential issues were identified with physical demands. Finally, the t-shirt folding task will also be analyzed for ergonomic risks and potential improvements. Solutions aim to reduce fatigue and increase productivity while accommodating all employee demographics.
Major Project For B.TECH/B.E Final Year Student (Ergonomics)IMRAN ALAM
This document presents a study on applying ergonomics principles to various aspects of an engineering college. The study examines ergonomics in the classroom, workshop, buses, and gates. Classroom furniture, workshop machinery, bus interiors, and gate design are evaluated and improvements are suggested based on ergonomic guidelines. The goal is to increase safety, comfort, productivity and ease of use for students and staff.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. The term comes from the Greek words "ergon" meaning work and "nomos" meaning natural laws. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements. It does this by developing laws that account for human anatomy, physiology and behavior. Ergonomics aims to enhance safety, reduce stress and fatigue, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses using artificial intelligence techniques like neural networks and genetic algorithms to analyze ergonomic factors in glass making jobs. It aims to estimate occupational health hazards of different job combinations, while maintaining adequate earnings. Glass making jobs involve high heat exposure and present various health risks like heat stroke, exhaustion, cramps and rashes. The paper analyzes four main glass bangle formation jobs and their relative earnings and health impacts, with the tarwala (firing work) job being the most complex and hazardous. It explores using AI to optimize job combinations and reduce health hazards.
Ergonomics is concerned with ensuring a fit between jobs and people by scientifically studying how people interact with physical and environmental aspects of their workplace. It considers anthropometric data to design tasks based on human physical abilities and uses data on factors like temperature, lighting, noise levels to understand their impact on performance, fatigue, and injury. The goal is to optimize the interface between workers, equipment, and environments.
Ergonomics seeks to design equipment and tasks that are compatible with human capabilities and limits. It aims to create a comfortable work environment by understanding human anatomy, physiology, psychology and other factors. Proper ergonomic design can benefit workers by improving health, satisfaction and productivity. When applied to workstations, ergonomics principles address issues like posture, reaching, fatigue and other physical and cognitive stresses. Elements like lighting, temperature, sound and vibration must also be considered to minimize strain and maximize performance.
Ergonomic Design Principles - Case Study “Computer Laboratory"Esraa Fathy
Project | Applying Ergonomic Design Principles (2012_2013) Under supervision of Dr.Reem ElKadeem.
Project Objective:
The goal of the project is to exercise the application of ergonomic design principles combined with our creative talent in solving or preventing current problems in real case study. Sometimes minor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can make significant improvements in worker’s comfort, health, safety and productivity.
Our team was required to select one of workstations in the college and make a comparison between two workstations of the same category. Our case study was about “Computer Laboratory” (Production Workshop / Mechanical Building).
Project Deliverables:
Our team was required to document both the activities performed throughout the project and the application of the mechanism in industry in the form of a Technical Report. The report contains: Workstation Description _Workstation Assessment: through observation and NIOSH & OSHA surveys. _Workstation Measurements:Measuring of necessary workstation dimensions. _ Workstation Analysis: Identifying of risk factors causing WMSD, suggesting of modifications.
Results and conclusion: Criticizing both workstations and showing result of comparison.
And to present the activities performed throughout the project in the form of a PowerPoint Presentation.
IRJET- A Case Study of Cooling Load Estimation of an AuditoriumIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study estimating the cooling load of an auditorium using the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference) method. The key findings are:
1. The total cooling load for the 100-person auditorium located in Greater Noida, India was calculated to be 94,406.3765 Watts for the summer months.
2. Breaking this down, sensible heat gain was 45,758 Watts and latent heat gain was 17,553 Watts from within the auditorium.
3. The required tonnage of refrigeration was determined to be 24 tons to maintain human comfort levels within the space.
This document summarizes methods for assessing heat stress. It discusses factors that contribute to heat stress like high humidity, protective clothing, and heavy work. Common areas where heat stress occurs are mines, boiler rooms, and foundries. Risk assessment considers work rate, climate, clothing, and worker health. Assessment methods include the WBGT index, which measures wet bulb, globe, and air temperatures, and checklists that evaluate multiple parameters. Monitoring worker physiology is also used when other methods can't be implemented. The goal is to efficiently design interventions to reduce heat stress risks.
The University of Queensland project to develop a mobile phone application based on ISO 7933 Predicted Heat Strain is complete.
Rational heat stress indices have been shown to provide a more accurate assessment of heat stress scenarios than many of the simpler and more commonly used empirical indices such as Effective Temperature (ET) and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). A key advantage is that the rational indices also provide an avenue for the health professional to assess potential heat strain using additional parameters as well as evaluate potential controls. Despite this they have not been as readily accepted and utilised. One of the barriers has been their complexity and the numerous calculations associated with their use, requiring access to a computer.
In order to address this issue, a project has been undertaken at The University of Queensland to develop and evaluate a mobile phone application based on the ISO standard 7933 Predicted Heat Strain. This freely available application allows investigators to input a number of parameters associated with the environment, task and individual to evaluate the work scenario’s potential risks and controls without requiring access to a computer. Based on the input data, the app uses a number of algorithms to produce predicted core body temperature and water loss graphs and reports. It is envisaged that the app will become a useful tool for the practicing occupational health and safety professional in the investigation and control of heat stress in the field. Once only accessible to academics or with the purchase of expensive equipment, this free app will take heat stress assessment for the health & safety professional to another level.
Study of Flexible Lift Mechanism for Press ShopIJMER
The document discusses a study of a flexible lift mechanism for a press shop. It aims to address problems related to manually adjusting the height of a material handling table, which causes time losses, increased fatigue for workers, and reduced productivity. The study observes the current process over a week and calculates average time and piece losses. It then designs and models an existing lifting table using Pro-E software to identify ways to modify the table to automate height adjustment and reduce losses. The goal is to increase efficiency and productivity in the press shop operations through the new table design.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries and maximizes productivity and well-being. It considers human capabilities and limitations, and relationships between humans and other system elements. The goals are health, safety, and productivity. Ergonomics applies scientific principles to optimize interactions between users and technological systems.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries from developing over time. Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance. It is employed to fulfill the goals of health and productivity. Common ergonomic issues include repetitive strain injuries, improper lighting or noise levels, and vibration. National Industrial Safety Day in India is celebrated on March 4th each year to promote workplace safety.
The document summarizes an ergonomic audit of a workstation at Venkateshwara Enterprises, which provides printing, scanning, binding, and lamination services. The audit identified several issues with the existing workstation layout, including a computer desk blocking workspace, a narrow entrance, and table heights being too low. Solutions proposed include moving the computer desk, widening the entrance to 19.68 inches, raising table heights to 40.23 inches, adding a lower height table for binding work, and providing footrests to reduce fatigue from long periods of standing. The redesign aims to improve efficiency, comfort, and reduce potential health issues like back pain from awkward postures.
The document provides details of a worker's job spraying cabinet doors at a manufacturing facility. It identifies several potential ergonomic issues, including: (1) the worker sits on a high stool and sprays doors passing by at mid-chest height, (2) the spray gun weighs 2kg and the worker uses an irregular sweeping motion, (3) the rate of doors passing is one every 90 seconds. It asks how these issues would be evaluated, including important parameters like repetition, contact stress, and posture. Evaluation methods identified include an ergonomic assessment of risk levels for musculoskeletal disorders.
IRJET- Development of Generalize Software to Estimate Cooling Load for Air Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a generalized software in C++ to estimate cooling load for air conditioning in multi-storey buildings. The software calculates cooling load based on heat gains from transmission through walls, roof and windows, infiltration, occupants, lighting, and equipment. It was tested on a 35-seat lecture hall by calculating cooling load using the CLTD method and comparing the results to those from the software. The total cooling load calculated for the lecture hall was 5.68 tons of refrigeration for summer conditions. The software provides an accurate and easy way to estimate cooling load for individual rooms and entire multi-storey buildings.
Project on ergonomics applied on college by Mayur and Yogesh of IIET, Kinanaਪੂਨਮ ਮਦਾਨ
This document presents a study on applying ergonomic principles to furniture and equipment at an engineering college. It examines ergonomics related to classroom furniture, including benches and blackboards/green boards. It also looks at ergonomics in the college workshop as applied to various machines. The goal is to analyze seating and workstation designs to reduce student fatigue and discomfort, improve productivity, and bring classroom and workshop setups in line with ergonomic standards. Data was collected on classroom furniture usage and measurements were taken of various machines to identify areas for improvement. The results provide insights on updating furniture and equipment to better accommodate student body sizes and prevent musculoskeletal issues.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car on five tables with rotations of five chairs. The time taken was observed and production rates were calculated and compared. The results showed that the taller student was more comfortable and efficient with the given chair-table combinations. Ergonomics aims to design workspaces that balance worker characteristics and task demands to enhance productivity, safety, and well-being. Consideration of anthropometrics and posture is important for office furniture to properly fit its users.
Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomicallyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace efficient, safe, and comfortable. Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can balance worker characteristics and task demands, enhancing productivity, safety, well-being, and satisfaction. This document analyzes the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights to determine the effects of non-ergonomic components on productivity. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car unit on five tables with five chairs of incrementally varying heights. The time taken was observed and production rate analyzed to determine which student was more comfortable and efficient with the given table-chair combinations. The results showed the taller student was more comfortable and efficient for that specific setup.
This report analyzes three tasks performed at Full Press Apparel: operating a heat press machine, the t-shirt transfer process, and t-shirt folding. For the heat press machine task, the analysis found issues with button placement requiring awkward postures and lack of job rotation. An adjustable chair is recommended to allow sitting or standing. The t-shirt transfer process uses an automated press machine handled by two operators; potential issues were identified with physical demands. Finally, the t-shirt folding task will also be analyzed for ergonomic risks and potential improvements. Solutions aim to reduce fatigue and increase productivity while accommodating all employee demographics.
Major Project For B.TECH/B.E Final Year Student (Ergonomics)IMRAN ALAM
This document presents a study on applying ergonomics principles to various aspects of an engineering college. The study examines ergonomics in the classroom, workshop, buses, and gates. Classroom furniture, workshop machinery, bus interiors, and gate design are evaluated and improvements are suggested based on ergonomic guidelines. The goal is to increase safety, comfort, productivity and ease of use for students and staff.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. The term comes from the Greek words "ergon" meaning work and "nomos" meaning natural laws. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements. It does this by developing laws that account for human anatomy, physiology and behavior. Ergonomics aims to enhance safety, reduce stress and fatigue, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses using artificial intelligence techniques like neural networks and genetic algorithms to analyze ergonomic factors in glass making jobs. It aims to estimate occupational health hazards of different job combinations, while maintaining adequate earnings. Glass making jobs involve high heat exposure and present various health risks like heat stroke, exhaustion, cramps and rashes. The paper analyzes four main glass bangle formation jobs and their relative earnings and health impacts, with the tarwala (firing work) job being the most complex and hazardous. It explores using AI to optimize job combinations and reduce health hazards.
Ergonomics is concerned with ensuring a fit between jobs and people by scientifically studying how people interact with physical and environmental aspects of their workplace. It considers anthropometric data to design tasks based on human physical abilities and uses data on factors like temperature, lighting, noise levels to understand their impact on performance, fatigue, and injury. The goal is to optimize the interface between workers, equipment, and environments.
Ergonomics seeks to design equipment and tasks that are compatible with human capabilities and limits. It aims to create a comfortable work environment by understanding human anatomy, physiology, psychology and other factors. Proper ergonomic design can benefit workers by improving health, satisfaction and productivity. When applied to workstations, ergonomics principles address issues like posture, reaching, fatigue and other physical and cognitive stresses. Elements like lighting, temperature, sound and vibration must also be considered to minimize strain and maximize performance.
Ergonomic Design Principles - Case Study “Computer Laboratory"Esraa Fathy
Project | Applying Ergonomic Design Principles (2012_2013) Under supervision of Dr.Reem ElKadeem.
Project Objective:
The goal of the project is to exercise the application of ergonomic design principles combined with our creative talent in solving or preventing current problems in real case study. Sometimes minor ergonomic changes in the design of equipment, workstations or job tasks can make significant improvements in worker’s comfort, health, safety and productivity.
Our team was required to select one of workstations in the college and make a comparison between two workstations of the same category. Our case study was about “Computer Laboratory” (Production Workshop / Mechanical Building).
Project Deliverables:
Our team was required to document both the activities performed throughout the project and the application of the mechanism in industry in the form of a Technical Report. The report contains: Workstation Description _Workstation Assessment: through observation and NIOSH & OSHA surveys. _Workstation Measurements:Measuring of necessary workstation dimensions. _ Workstation Analysis: Identifying of risk factors causing WMSD, suggesting of modifications.
Results and conclusion: Criticizing both workstations and showing result of comparison.
And to present the activities performed throughout the project in the form of a PowerPoint Presentation.
IRJET- A Case Study of Cooling Load Estimation of an AuditoriumIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study estimating the cooling load of an auditorium using the CLTD (cooling load temperature difference) method. The key findings are:
1. The total cooling load for the 100-person auditorium located in Greater Noida, India was calculated to be 94,406.3765 Watts for the summer months.
2. Breaking this down, sensible heat gain was 45,758 Watts and latent heat gain was 17,553 Watts from within the auditorium.
3. The required tonnage of refrigeration was determined to be 24 tons to maintain human comfort levels within the space.
This document summarizes methods for assessing heat stress. It discusses factors that contribute to heat stress like high humidity, protective clothing, and heavy work. Common areas where heat stress occurs are mines, boiler rooms, and foundries. Risk assessment considers work rate, climate, clothing, and worker health. Assessment methods include the WBGT index, which measures wet bulb, globe, and air temperatures, and checklists that evaluate multiple parameters. Monitoring worker physiology is also used when other methods can't be implemented. The goal is to efficiently design interventions to reduce heat stress risks.
The University of Queensland project to develop a mobile phone application based on ISO 7933 Predicted Heat Strain is complete.
Rational heat stress indices have been shown to provide a more accurate assessment of heat stress scenarios than many of the simpler and more commonly used empirical indices such as Effective Temperature (ET) and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). A key advantage is that the rational indices also provide an avenue for the health professional to assess potential heat strain using additional parameters as well as evaluate potential controls. Despite this they have not been as readily accepted and utilised. One of the barriers has been their complexity and the numerous calculations associated with their use, requiring access to a computer.
In order to address this issue, a project has been undertaken at The University of Queensland to develop and evaluate a mobile phone application based on the ISO standard 7933 Predicted Heat Strain. This freely available application allows investigators to input a number of parameters associated with the environment, task and individual to evaluate the work scenario’s potential risks and controls without requiring access to a computer. Based on the input data, the app uses a number of algorithms to produce predicted core body temperature and water loss graphs and reports. It is envisaged that the app will become a useful tool for the practicing occupational health and safety professional in the investigation and control of heat stress in the field. Once only accessible to academics or with the purchase of expensive equipment, this free app will take heat stress assessment for the health & safety professional to another level.
Study of Flexible Lift Mechanism for Press ShopIJMER
The document discusses a study of a flexible lift mechanism for a press shop. It aims to address problems related to manually adjusting the height of a material handling table, which causes time losses, increased fatigue for workers, and reduced productivity. The study observes the current process over a week and calculates average time and piece losses. It then designs and models an existing lifting table using Pro-E software to identify ways to modify the table to automate height adjustment and reduce losses. The goal is to increase efficiency and productivity in the press shop operations through the new table design.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries and maximizes productivity and well-being. It considers human capabilities and limitations, and relationships between humans and other system elements. The goals are health, safety, and productivity. Ergonomics applies scientific principles to optimize interactions between users and technological systems.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries from developing over time. Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance. It is employed to fulfill the goals of health and productivity. Common ergonomic issues include repetitive strain injuries, improper lighting or noise levels, and vibration. National Industrial Safety Day in India is celebrated on March 4th each year to promote workplace safety.
The document summarizes an ergonomic audit of a workstation at Venkateshwara Enterprises, which provides printing, scanning, binding, and lamination services. The audit identified several issues with the existing workstation layout, including a computer desk blocking workspace, a narrow entrance, and table heights being too low. Solutions proposed include moving the computer desk, widening the entrance to 19.68 inches, raising table heights to 40.23 inches, adding a lower height table for binding work, and providing footrests to reduce fatigue from long periods of standing. The redesign aims to improve efficiency, comfort, and reduce potential health issues like back pain from awkward postures.
The document provides details of a worker's job spraying cabinet doors at a manufacturing facility. It identifies several potential ergonomic issues, including: (1) the worker sits on a high stool and sprays doors passing by at mid-chest height, (2) the spray gun weighs 2kg and the worker uses an irregular sweeping motion, (3) the rate of doors passing is one every 90 seconds. It asks how these issues would be evaluated, including important parameters like repetition, contact stress, and posture. Evaluation methods identified include an ergonomic assessment of risk levels for musculoskeletal disorders.
IRJET- Development of Generalize Software to Estimate Cooling Load for Air Co...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a generalized software in C++ to estimate cooling load for air conditioning in multi-storey buildings. The software calculates cooling load based on heat gains from transmission through walls, roof and windows, infiltration, occupants, lighting, and equipment. It was tested on a 35-seat lecture hall by calculating cooling load using the CLTD method and comparing the results to those from the software. The total cooling load calculated for the lecture hall was 5.68 tons of refrigeration for summer conditions. The software provides an accurate and easy way to estimate cooling load for individual rooms and entire multi-storey buildings.
Technical terms in oracle apps explained through real time exampleMohammad Younus
This document does not contain any clear information and appears to be random text strings. It mentions technical terms in Oracle Apps and Mohammad Younus but provides no meaningful context around these terms.
Requisition Hierarchy Based on the Item Catagory Mohammad Younus
The document describes how to set up a purchase requisition approval hierarchy based on item categories in Sapphire Consulting Services. Key steps include:
1. Creating approval groups for each approval level and item category.
2. Assigning positions to the appropriate approval groups.
3. Selecting the new approval hierarchy for purchase requisitions.
4. Testing the setup by creating sample requisitions in different categories and approving them through the defined approval flow.
The goal is to ensure the final approval of each requisition is given by the appropriate authority for that item category.
the internship report at lucky cement factory plant at karachi near nooriabad .......
we see no. of activitise over here and we enjoy alot ........
this report include all process and activites to make the cement ..........!!!!
This document discusses the historical perspectives of production systems from the Industrial Revolution to modern times. It covers several major approaches and influential figures, including:
1) Scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor, advocating division of labor and functional specialization. This approach greatly influenced Henry Ford's assembly line production.
2) The behavioral science school that emerged in the 1920s based on studies showing human behavior is a key factor in output.
3) The use of worker groups in some industries like mining, which improved productivity over individual-based scientific management approaches. This led to the socio-technical systems research approach.
This document provides an overview of AutoCAD, including:
- Definitions of CAD, CADD, and AutoCAD and how AutoCAD is the largest selling CAD software used worldwide.
- Details on the version history and releases of AutoCAD from 1982 to present.
- Descriptions of the scope of AutoCAD applications across various engineering fields.
- Explanations of the advantages of AutoCAD over manual drafting, including speed, accuracy, flexibility and enhanced visualization.
- An overview of the graphical user interface of AutoCAD and the main screen areas like the drawing area, UCS icon, crosshairs, menus and toolbars.
This document discusses how sales acquisition software and customer relationship management (CRM) systems can help companies increase sales and retain customers. It outlines several key features of sales acquisition tools, including lead management, opportunity management, activity planning and management, workflow management, distribution management, sales forecasting, and integration with other applications. The document emphasizes that in economic downturns, CRM systems are important for understanding customer behavior and providing high value at low cost to retain existing customers and acquire new ones.
The document discusses the education system in Pakistan. It is divided into five levels from primary to university programs. Literacy rates have increased over time but still vary widely by province and gender. Several Pakistani universities have risen in the world rankings in recent decades but gender disparities persist, especially in more conservative areas. The ultimate goal of Pakistan is to raise the national literacy rate to 80% by 2015.
The document describes the production cycle which begins with sales forecasting and ends with delivery to the customer. It involves several steps: sales forecasting, budget preparation, engineering department preparing details, production planning, dispatching, progressing, inspection, evaluation, stock, and delivery to the customer. A graphical representation shows the linear production cycle and its interaction with customers and suppliers.
The document discusses pull systems for replenishing inventory using the example of purchasing milk. It also discusses the critical path method (CPM) for network analysis and project scheduling. CPM involves identifying the critical path of activities that determine the shortest project duration. An example CPM analysis is provided to find the earliest and latest event times for activities in a project.
because of shortage me young manpower the organizations are now strive to be with the aging work workforce there the what are the besic step to get work from aging work force and to run with it ..
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
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3. Practical demonstrations
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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1. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO SINDH
HUMAN FACTORS
ENGINEERING
NAME: MOHAMMAD YOUNUS
ROLL NO: 08IN70
2. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL JOURNAL
OF HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
It is to Certify that Mr. / Miss: ………………………………………………………………… bearing roll no:
…………………………….. has carried out the necessary practical works as per course of studies of the subject
……………………………………………………….. For the year ………………………. as shown in the practical
schedule of this journal.
Professor In charge ………………….
Department of ………………………..
Date …………………………………..
Head of the Department ………………
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 2
3. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS
S.NO. OBJECT PAGE
NO.
01. Observe the effect of environment on the performance of human body. 04
02. To observe that how the work place i.e. sitting and table height affects the 06
performance of human being.
03. Effects of work load on the performance of human body. 09
04. How the man-machine interaction can be enhanced while designing the product. 12
05. Prove that the user performance decreases with the increasing noise. 13
06. How illumination is measured and what are its methods. 15
07. Suggest the best numeric keyboard and structure for calculator / telephone. 17
08. Suggest the different seating arrangements for male and female students according 19
to their ages and dimensions.
09. Measure the position of eye using terminals. 23
10. Suggest the best arrangements of components within a physical space. 25
11. Suggest the best criteria and counting the information/ speech. 27
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 3
4. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACITICAL # 1
TITLE:
Effects of the environment.
OBJECT:
Observe the effect of environment on the performance of human body.
EQUIPEMENT:
Room thermometer, computer, stop watch, machine lab ceiling fan, and pc lab. And different
locations.
THEORY:
According to human factors engineering, it is assumed that “The environment (i.e.
temperature, illumination, humidity) affect the performance of human body.”
DESCRIPTION:
Many occupation and task expose implies to hot or cold working environment it is important
to distinguish between a condition which threatens health and safety and a feeling of discomfort.
Thermal discomfort may be experienced even there is a little likely hood of medical
condition developing. For example, office workers may feel uncomfortable if there air conditioning
is not working to optimum effect in hot weather, which could result in a real risk of heat related
illness which may create a serious threat to health. Preventive step should aim to reduce thermal
discomfort as much as is practicable and to develop working condition and work practices which will
not give rise to more serious problems.
PROCEDURE:
To prove the above statement following experiment was conducted in human factors
engineering laboratory. The main elements of experiment were :
1. A group of four students was chosen per experiment.
2. Every student was given the same 30 minutes to type on computer.
3. Every student was provided with different environment conditions i.e. temperature.
4. All students were kept in close supervision.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 4
5. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
5. The temperatures were manipulated.
OBSERVATION: Refer the table below
Written Time Errors in Level of
S.No Temperature Experience
article given writing performance
Introduction
1. 30 minutes Too high 2-yrs 200 Very poor
to H.F.E
2. Same 30 minutes Too low 2-yrs 195 Poor
3. Same 30 minutes Moderate 2-yrs 180 Good
Room
4. Same 30 minutes 2-yrs 150 Very good
temperature
RESULTS:
From the above experiment it was concluded that the human performance is affected by the
environmental conditions
Standard temperature for the office work is suggested around 20 to 24 o C and 30 to 60 %. It does
not mean that the work could not be done beyond this temperature range. Similarly is the case with
other factors such as, illumination, noise, humidity etc. causing human performance to be decreased
air temperature can cause sweating, dizziness, muscle cramps, shivering, hypo-thermia etc. humidity
can cause discomfort, flushed skin, headache, vomiting etc.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 5
6. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 2
TITLE:
Improper work place.
OBJECT:
To observe that how the work place i.e sitting and table height affects the performance of
human being.
REQUIREMENTS:
Computer, different chairs, different table size, PC lab, stop watch.
DESCRIPTION:
Different people have different physical dimension and required different sort of chairs and
table regarding comfort and ease so has to maximize the performance in the work place.
PROCEDURE:
To prove the above statement following experiment was conducted in human factor
engineering laboratory. The main elements of experiment were:
1. A group of four students was chosen per experiment.
2. Every student was given the same 30 minute to type on computer.
3. Every student was provided with different sizes and types of chairs and table and also tasks to
work with.
4. All students were kept in closed supervision.
5. All students were interviewed to know their view.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 6
7. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Feeling fatigue and pain in legs due to hard position
OBSERVATION: Refer the table given below
Type of task MALE FEMALE
(seated) Inch cm inch Cm
Fire work 39.0-41.5 99-105 35.0-37.5 89-95
Precision work 35.0-37.0 89-94 32.5-34.5 82-87
Light assembly 29.0-31.0 74-78 27.5-29.5 70-75
Coarse/medium
27.0-28.5 69-72 26.0-27.5 66-70
work
Reading and
29.0-31.0 74-78 27.5-29.0 70-74
writing
Range for typing
23.5-27.5 60-70 23.5-27.5 60-70
desks
Computer
23.0-28.0 58-71 23.0-28.0 58-71
keyboard use
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 7
8. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION:
Form the above practical we concluded that before designing any type of chair or table
following point should be kept in mind.
1. For whom we are designing.
2. The work for what it will be used.
3. The environment where it (chair/table) will be used.
4. The color of the chair.
5. The ratio of flexibility etc.
Thus we conclude that for designing any chair or table we have to satisfy a large number of user
populations so as to provide comfort and ease with great degree of flexibility.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 8
9. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 3
TITLE:
Workload.
OBJECT:
Effects of work load on the performance of human body.
REQUIREMENTS:
Working environment and stethoscope.
DESCRIPTION:
There are many factors that contribute to the work load experienced by the people while
engaged in physical work. Astrand and rodahl (1986) presented the major factors that influence the
body energy level of output.
The factors include: nature of work, somatic factors, training, motivation and environment.
These influence the energy output level through the physiological service function of supplying fuel
and oxygen for muscle metabolism.
Efficiency (%) = Work output x 100
Energy consumption
PROCEDURE:
1. Students are made to perform different types of work such as pulling or pushing the carts etc.
2. After performing the task, heart rate was calculated at worm up position.
3. Energy consumption is also calculated.
4. In last, conclusion was made regarding the students fitness for particular work.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 9
10. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Feeling fatigue and pain in limbs Feeling fatigue while doing
due to heavy load work due to work load
OBERVATION: Estimated work efficiency for various activities.
Activity Efficiency
Shoveling (stooped posture) 3
Shoveling (normal posture) 6
Using heavy hammer 15
Going down and up stairs 23
Pulling a cart 24
Pushing a cart 27
Cycling 25
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 10
11. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Grade of physical work based on energy expenditure level.
Oxygen
Energy Energy Heart rate
Grade of work consumption
expenditure(kcal/min) expenditure (beats/min)
(L/min)
Rest (sitting) 1.5 >720 60-70 .3
Very intense
1.5-2.5 768-1200 65-75 0.3-0.5
work
Light work 2.5-5.0 1200-2400 75-100 0.5-1.0
Moderate work 5.0-7.5 2400-3600 100-125 1.0-1.5
Heavy work 7.5-10.0 3600-4800 125-150 1.5-2.0
Very heavy
10.0-12.5 4800-6000 150-180 2.0-2.5
work
Un-duly heavy
>12.5 >6000 >180 >2.5
work
RESULT:
Knowing the heart rates and energy consumption, performing different task, it can be
concluded that which job is suitable for the user.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 11
12. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 4
TITLE:
Man-machine interaction.
OBJECT:
How the man-machine interaction can be enhanced while designing the product.
REQUIREMENTS:
Two students, two computers (one black & white and one colored), written specimen, proper
elimination, temperature and seating arrangement.
DESCRIPTION:
For the better performance of the user at work, it is important that the work area should
possess the quality to match man and machine and it can be improved by making the machine more
user friendly.
PROCEDURE:
To prove the above statement, following experiment was conducted. The main elements off
experiment are as under.
Two students were selected, provided the same illumination, temperature, working area, typing
experience and written specimen.
One student was provided the colored pc while other black & white.
Both were given one hour to type on their respective pc.
Both students are kept in close supervision.
Both were interviewed by supervisor at the end of experiment.
OBSERVATION:
From above experiment following results were derived.
1. Student with colored pc wrote more words than that of having black & white pc.
2. Student having colored pc had better visualization.
3. Colored pc student had less eye and mental fatigue.
4. Student with colored pc was more will to do work.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 12
13. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 5
TITLE:
Noise.
OBJECT:
Prove that the user performance decreases with the increasing noise.
REQUIREMENT:
Lathe machine, sharper machine, drill machine, grinding machine, students and work
specimen.
DESCRIPTION:
Noise is such type of sound which creates irritation and can result performance reduction.
PROCEDURE:
Following procedure was adopted to prove the above statement.
1. All mentioned machines were operated and caused noise at the level of 9000 Hz.
2. Students were assigned to work on lathe, shaper, drill and grinding at same time.
3. After 15 minute, the performance was checked and evaluated.
4. Now lathe machine was stopped while the other machines were let to work with the reduced
level of noise to 8000 Hz.
5. After another 15 minutes, the performance was checked and evaluated.
6. This time sharper and drill machines were stopped while grinding machine was continued to
work with the reduced level of noise to 6500 Hz.
7. In same way, the performance of students was checked.
OBSERVATION:
1. The operation must be given protective devices while working in noisy environment.
2. There must be provision of ventilation in workplace so that most of the noise can be
absorbed.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 13
14. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
3. The base of the machine should produce less vibration.
4. The work area and building must be designed in a way that there is no echo in building.
5. Proper maintenance of machine can also result in noise reduction.
Feeling irritation while doing work due noisy environment
RESULT:
1. As the machine operation was stopped, the noise was reduced and lead to the better
performance.
2. The finished product came up with better quality.
3. The decreasing noise also enhanced the degree of better communication among the students.
4. The students were feeling less fatigue as the machines were stopped one by one.
5. The decreased noise can result in better quality and performance of the students.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 14
15. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 6
TITLE:
Illumination.
OBJECT:
How illumination is measured and what are its methods.
REQUIREMENTS:
LUX meter, artificial light (candle), measurement tape, paper and pencil.
DESCRIPTION:
Illumination includes both artificial light source such as lamps and natural illumination of
interiors from daylight. Illumination represents a major component of energy consumption,
accounting for a significant part of all energy consumed worldwide.
Artificial illumination is provided today by electric lights, but previously by gas lighting candles or
oil lumps. Proper lighting can enhance task performance or aesthetics; while there can be energy
wastage and adverse health effects of lighting.
It is valuable to provide the correct light intensity and color spectrum for each task or
environment. Otherwise, energy not only could be wasted but over-illumination can lead to adverse
health and psychological effects.
Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much
illumination is required for a given task.
PROCEDURE:
Following is the procedure for conducting this practical by putting LUX meter in vertical and
horizontal position.
1. First we check the room/lab illumination , i.e 50 lux
2. Mark the starting and ending point from 0 to 12 inches respectively.
3. We place the candle at 12 inches away from the lux meter.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 15
16. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
4. After that we remove the lux meter towards the candle with equal distance of 1 inch and
record the reading.
READING:
Reading available in the room/lab in vertical = 150
In horizontal = 175
Candle height = 4”
Lame = 2”
Position of LUX meter
Candle
Horizontal Vertical
200 300 12
250 150 11
200 250 10
300 300 09
325 250 08
300 350 07
350 375 06
400 450 05
450 800 04
550 700 03
350 1000 02
400 1700 01
RESULT:
From the above recorded data, we conclude that the distance that the distance from source
decreases the illumination.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 16
17. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 7
TITLE:
Best numeric keyboard.
OBJECT:
Suggest the best numeric keyboard and structure for calculator / telephone.
INSTRUMENTS:
Telephone set (digital), calculator, stopwatch, pencil and paper.
PROCEDURE:
To suggest the best arrangement of keys on both telephone and calculator, first we have to
examine the existing structure of both.
% OFF ON CHECK % OFF ON
R-ME M+ M- / R-ME M+ M- /
7 8 9 X
7 8 9 .
4 5 6 -
4 5 6 *
1 2 3 - 1 2 3 +
0 . = ANS
CALCULATOR CALCULATOR
(Standard Model) (Suggested Model)
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 17
18. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
1 2 3 # 0 *
4 5 6 3 6 9
7 8 9 2 5 8
* 0 # 1 4 7
TELEPHONE TELEPHONE
(Standard model) (Suggested model)
S. No Model type Number dialed Duration (seconds)
1 Standard 0313-3167888 5.00
1 Suggested 0313-3167888 6.75
2 Standard 0313-3167888 4.5
2 Suggested 0313-3167888 7.00
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 18
19. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 8
TITLE:
Seating arrangement.
OBJECT:
Suggest the different seating arrangements for male and female students according to their
ages and dimensions.
REQUIREMENT:
Measuring tape, vernier caliper, scale, paper and pencil.
DESCRIPTION:
Diverse evidence from many cultures shows that sitting has been associated with numerous
problems: back pain of all sorts, fatigue, varicose veins, stress and problems with the diaphragm,
circulation, digestion, elimination, and general body development.
PURPOSE:
According to Cranz and other radical ‘somatic’ practitioners who practice ‘new ergonomics’
is that we have been forced into a ‘table’ and ‘chair’ culture. Where many activities take place in a
right-angled seated position. This position forces the body into a C-shaped slump and this places
uneven pressure on the vertebral disks of the lower back. With time, the spine can become deformed
and erode disks.
Adjusting the fit, title, and height of your chair is very important for proper posture and
comfort. The backrest of the chair should have a snug fit against your back. Every chair is different,
but in general, looks for height, lumbar support, and tilt adjustments. If you find that you need
additional lumber support, a back cushion can be used to customize your chair. Adjust your seat tilt
so you are sitting up right with your feet firmly on a surface and your lower back well supported. Set
chair height so that your hands and wrists should remain at the same level as the home row on the
keyboard. If these adjustments cause your feet to dangle, you’ll need a foot rest.
PROCEDURE:
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 19
20. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Firstly, we choose a student of height 5.8 feet among all the students. We started taking
measurement.
1. Inner side of the foot = 9.5”
2. Foot to knee = 18.5”
3. Thigh to lumber lord sis = 23.0”
4. Waist = 33.0
5. Lumber lord sis shoulder = 27.0”
6. Shoulder to head = 13.5”
After taking all the measurements, we suggested the following dimensions of the computer
chair for the students. The dimensions are:
1. Height of the seat = 17.0”
2. Thickness of the seat = 2.0”
3. Width of the seat pan = 17.5”
4. Height of the back rest = 18.0”
5. Width of the back rest = 17.0”
6. Angle of the back rest = 1000 - 1100
“I love my ergonomic office chair. It
reclines, has heated vibrating massage,
and provides electro-shock therapy at the
end of a stressful”.
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 20
21. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
RESULT:
1. Students were feeling more comfortable.
2. They were not feeling back ache after sitting for more than an hour.
3. The recommended height of the chair improved the typing performance because the
suggested dimensions gave proper compatibility of arms and keyboard.
4. Due to proper height of the chair, the leg swelling was reduced up to 50%.
STANDARD ADJUSTMENT TO BE MADE:
Start our adjusting a chair from the ground up. Start with the height and move up from there.
While adjusting the chair, worry first about getting the chair adjusted to fit you. Afterwards, look at
things like the height of the desk, keyboard etc. Too often, people adjust a chair too high so they can
reach the keyboard rather than properly adjusting the chair and adding a keyboard tray to move the
keyboard to the correct height.
SEAT HEIGHT:
Start by adjusting the height until your things are parallel to the floor, stand in front of the
chair and adjust the height until the top of the seat pan is at the height of the bottom of your kneecap.
Then, sit in the chair and make small height adjustments until your things are parallel to the ground.
Sit in this position for a while before making any further changes in seat height. When you have
Prepared by MOHAMMAD YOUNUS (08IN70) Page 21
22. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
become accustomed to this height, adjust the chair height up/down 1-3 inches until you find a
location that is comfortable for you while seated (don’t worry about that keyboard height yet!).
SEAT DEPTH:
Adjust the seat pan until you have about three fingers to a fist’s width of room between the
back of your calf and the front edge of the chair when your back is touching the backrest. If the seat
pan is not adjustable and the pan is too deep, add padding to the backrest (a towel over the backrest
of the chair or a backrest cushion) to shift you forward in the seat while maintaining contact with the
backrest. If the seat pan is too shallow, start looking for a new chair.
SEAT ANGLE:
There are three basic postures. The standard posture calls for a level seat pan so it is not
necessary to adjust the tilt for this posture. Likewise, the reclined posture can have the seat flat as
well. However, some people prefer to have a very slight backward tilt on the seat pan to help keep
them in the seat. In the forward tilt posture, the seat pan is tilted forward 5-100. start by raising the
overall height of the chair a few inches, and then tilt the seat pan forward.
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23. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 9
TITLE:
Vision and eye.
OBJECT:
Measure the position of eye using terminals.
THEORY:
The eye is a fluid membranous sphere which converts the electromagnetic radiations into
nerve impulses. It is very sensitive organ of human body. It consists of nine parts working differently
from each other.
1. Cornea.
2. Pupil.
3. Lens.
4. Iris.
5. Suspensor ligaments.
6. Retine.
7. Foveae.
8. Blind spot.
9. Optic nerve.
PROCEDURE:
Light enters the eye through a transparent outer covering called the cornea. The cornea plays
very important role in reflecting the incident light. Further reflection occurs as the light passes
through the lenses. During the working on the places where terminals are use then person always try
to sit at keep distance because when we use the rules then we do not feel fatigue earlier. The standard
distance of terminal from human eye is 20-25 inches and the position of the eye is 7-10 inches from
center. These are the standard and by using these rules we reduce the human eye fatigue.
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24. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
OBSERVATION:
Distance from eye to Height of terminal Height of eye from
Illumination
terminal (inches) from center (inches) sitting posture (inches)
15-20 2-5 20 Normal
20-25 7-10 24 Standard
30-35 10-13 28 Low
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25. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 10
OBJECT:
Suggest the best arrangements of components within a physical space.
REQUIREMENTS:
Stop watch, set of different components and drill machine.
THEORY:
Working safety begins with looking at the physical arrangements of your work space and
design of the tools you use. This draws from the science of ergonomics which strives to fit the work
to the body rather than forcing the body to conform the work. As logical as this may sound, it is
actually a pretty view.
Ergonomics is being abused as marketing term, being thrown as easily as the word “natural”
is with food. Suddenly every thing is “ergonomically designed”. A product will not be very
ergonomic for someone if it is not used in the right way for the right purpose. And since many
ergonomic products are adjustable, it takes training to take advantage of what they have to offer.
Otherwise they can be just as uncomfortable or injurious as your old furniture.
One of the most common scenario seen today is the company which buy new furniture with a
wide range of adjustability but does not teach its employees how they operate or in what principles to
adjust them. There are examples of companies where cumulative trauma problems increased after
installing ergonomics furniture. Imagine their surprise! The answer is training.
You need to understand the principle behind ergonomics design. It is really very simple. The
goal is to prevent unnecessary muscular efforts, and avoid postures which put strain on the body. In
short, to make you comfortable.
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26. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Maximum and minimum reach at work station
PROCEDURE:
For the drilling purpose, the major components required are
1. Drill bits
2. Cutting oil
3. Job
The drill bits should be placed alongside the machine so that they can easily be reached.
The cutting oil is required during the drilling process and should be provided with in the form
of pipe pouring the oil continuously on the job.
The height of the machine should be suitable and proportionate to the size of the worker
because it is too high, the worker can not reach it and if it is too low, the worker will have to bend,
including a lot of fatigue.
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27. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
PRACTICAL # 11
OBJECT:
Suggest the best criteria and counting the information/ speech.
THEORY:
In the process of designing the speech communication system, one needs to establish the
criteria or standards the system should need to be acceptable for the interred uses. Criteria are also
required to evaluate the effects of noise and ear protectors on speech communication and to measure
the effectiveness of hearing aids. The major criterion for evaluating a speech communication system
is intelligibility, but there are others as well, including quality or nature less of the speech.
SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY:
Intelligibility is simply the degree to which a speech message (e.g. a list of words) is
correctly recognized. Intelligibility is assessed may transmitting speech material to individuals who
are asked to repeat what they hair or to answer question about what they hair. Various speech
intelligibility tests exists which differ in terms of types and materials presented “ example : nonsense
syllables politically balanced (PB) words list that contain all the various speech, sounds and
sentences “ In general, in a given situation, intangibility is highest for sentences, lessees for isolated
words and lowest for nonsense syllables.
SPEECH QUALITY:
Speech quality or naturalness goes beyond intangibility. It is important in situation where it is
desirable to recognize the identity of speaker such as on the telephone. Speech quality is also
Important as one determinate of user satisfaction with a communication system, for example: mobile
telephone for auto mobiles have become relatively in expensive and available. In telephones, for the
home that allow a person to talk and hear from any where in the room “Called speaker phone” are
also popular, automatic telephone, answering machine are also be coming common in all these cases.
The quality of speech heard over the system often the critical factor that accounts for the purchase of
one system over another.
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28. DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Speech quality is defined in terms of preferences usually samples of speech are presented
over the system and people are asked to either rate the quality (excellent, fair, poor, un-expectable).
This type of methodology is often used to evaluate synthetic speech as well.
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