3. Introduction to Steel
Steel is nothing but it is a modified form of an
Iron, Because when we add o.o2 to 1.7% of Carbon
and some other material such as Silicon, Nickel,
Manganese and Copper to Iron during its
manufacturing then we call it Alloy or Steel
4. Classification of Steel:
Name of Steel Carbon Content in Steel
Very Low Carbon Steel <0.1%
Mild Steel Up to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel 0.25-0.7%
High Carbon Steel 0.7%-1.5%
5. Introduction to Structure
A structure is a series of connected elements that
form together a system that can resist a series of
external load effects applied to it, which includes
its own self weight, and provide adequate rigidity.
In civil engineering, a structure is usually made up
of
Beams
Columns
Cables
Slabs
etc
6. Pakistan famous steel structures
Chiniot Bridge
Expo Centre Lahore
Islamabad Stock Exchange Tower
7. Pakistan steel mills
A
Aisha Steel
Amreli Steels
I
International Steels Limited
Ittefaq Group
Ittefaq Iron Industries
M
Mughal Steel
P
Pakistan Steel Mills
T
Tuwairqi Steel Mills
8. SHAPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL USED IN
PAKISTAN
The cross sectional properties of a steel member are identified by its shape.
The various names given to the members of different shapes are Angles ; T-
section; Isection; Z-section; Channel; H-section….and so on .
Each shape has its particular use in steel structures
10. BARS
Used as ties and lateral bindings.
If threaded at the ends or looped at end,used
as tension members.
Types according to manufacturing process:
1. Cold Rolled Steel Bar
2. Hot Rolled Steel Bar
3. Galvanized Steel Bar
Types according to shapes:
1. Round bars
2. Square bars
3. Hexagonal bars
4. Flat bars
18. I-SECTIONS
These are properly known as the rolled steel joists or beams.
It consist of two flanges connected by a web.
I-sections are used in beams and columns.
It is best suited to resist bending moment and
shearing force
20. STEEL TUBES
The steel tubes are used as columns and compression members and in some
cases it also acts as a tension member in tubular trusses.
The steel tubes are efficient structural sections to be used as compressive
members.
Steel tube sections have equal radius of gyration in all directions.