Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand it easily. Solution INTRODUCTION Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic (BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most popular metals in fabrication shops. TYPES OF STEEL 1) Carbon Steels: Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon content: 2) Alloy Steels: Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties, such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility. Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and electric motors. 3) Stainless Steels: Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure: 4) Tool Steels: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment. 2) Deformed steel bars Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc. in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut quickly and be bent easily without damage. As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar, these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials. Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform distances. To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia. In addition the strength of bonds of d.

1. Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel's base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel's properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections

2. of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of deformed bars calculated should be 40 to 80 % higher than
that of plain round bars of same nominal size. And it has more tensile stress than that of plain
round bars of same nominal size.
Cold twisted deformed (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars) bars are recommended as best quality steel
bars for construction work by structural Engineer.
Various Grades of Mild Steel Bars
Reinforcement bars in accordance with standard IS No. 432 part-I can be classified into
following types.
1) Mild Steel Bars: Mild steel bars can be supplied in two grades
a)Mild steel bars grade-I designated as Fe 410-S or Grade 60
b) Mild steel bars grade-II designated as Fe-410-o or Grade 40
2) Medium Tensile Steel Bars designated as Fe- 540-w-ht or Grade 75
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF STEEL
Modern steelmaking can be broken down into six steps:
1. Ironmaking: In the first step, the raw inputs iron ore, coke, and lime are melted in a blast
furnace. The resulting molten iron - also referred to as 'hot metal' - still contains 4-4.5% carbon
and other impurities that make it brittle.
2. Primary Steelmaking: Primary steelmaking methods differ between BOS and EAF methods.
BOS methods add recycled scrap steel to the molten iron in a converter. At high temperatures,
oxygen is blown through the metal, which reduces the carbon content to between 0-1.5%. EAF
methods, alternatively, feed recycled steel scrap through use high power electric arcs
(temperatures up to 1650 °C) to melt the metal and convert it to high-quality steel.
3. Secondary Steelmaking: Secondary steelmaking involves treating the molten steel produced
from both BOS and EAF routes to adjust the steel composition. This is done by adding or
removing certain elements and/or manipulating the temperature and production

3. environment.Depending on the types of steel required, the following secondary steelmaking
processes can be used:
4. Continuous Casting: In this step, the molten steel is cast into a cooled mold causing a thin
steel shell to solidify. The shell strand is withdrawn using guided rolls and fully cooled and
solidified. The strand is cut into desired lengths depending on application; slabs for flat products
(plate and strip), blooms for sections (beams), billets for long products (wires) or thin strips.
5. Primary Forming: The steel that is cast is then formed into various shapes, often by hot rolling,
a process that eliminates cast defects and achieves the required shape and surface quality.
Hot rolled products are divided into flat products, long products, seamless tubes, and specialty
products.
6. Manufacturing, Fabrication, and Finishing: Finally, secondary forming techniques give the
steel its final shape and properties. These techniques include:
Steel is both the most widely used and most recycled metal material on earth. From stainless and
high-temperature steels to flat carbon products, steel's various forms and alloys offer different
properties to meet a wide range of applications. For these reasons, as well as the metal's
combination of high strength and a relatively low production cost, steel is now used in countless
products.
APPLICATION OF STEEL
Steel applications can be divided into five sectors:
1. Construction:
The majority of steel goes to the construction industry. Sustainable steel structures can be built
quickly at a low price. Steel, in its various forms and alloys, can be designed to meet the
requirements of unique projects, which allow it to be incorporated into infrastructure in all
environments. Depending on the conditions that the structure is exposed to, steel can be alloyed
or surface treated differently for protection.
The development of efficient steel production techniques at the end of the 20th century
contributed to the growth of railways around the world as well as the advent of the high-rise
building. Many famous historical structures, such as Empire State Building, contain steel as a
primary construction material.
Steel can also be found in:
2. Transport:
Engineering steels are wrought steels that are designed to have certain specific levels of
elasticity, strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance.
They are used in the general engineering and manufacturing sectors, but the bulk goes to
transport vehicles.
Steel accounts for over 50% the weight of an average car. Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS)

4. are used in vehicles. It is a lightweight material that requires less energy to produce and reduces
CO2 emissions.
Different types of steel are used for the car body, doors, engine, gearbox, steering, suspension,
wheel axles, and interior.
Besides the automotive market, steel is found in transport materials such as:
3. Energy:
All segments of the energy sector, including nuclear, wind power, electric and natural gas,
demand steel for infrastructure. Steel is also used for resource extraction, such as in offshore
platforms, earth-moving and quarrying equipment, cranes, and forklifts. Due to the demanding
environments, carbon, micro-alloyed, high strength and stainless steels are all used in the
production of offshore platforms and pipelines.
In addition to these, many other energy projects rely on large amounts of steel:
4. Packaging:
Steel packaging protects goods from water, air, and light exposure, and is fully recyclable. This
method of storage has been around for over 200 years.
Steel allows for high-speed filling and lightweight, easy to open packaging. Packaging steels are
often made from low carbon cold-rolled steel strip and are surface finished. The steel is tin plated
to prevent corrosion and then coated with polymer, lacquered, and printed. The majority of steel
packaging goes towards food and beverage container, followed by a general line, aerosols, and
closures (e.g. bottle caps).
5. Appliances and Industry:
About 75% of the weight of typical household appliances comes from steel. Steel is found in
appliances like fridges, washing machines, ovens, microwaves, sinks, cutlery etc.
Steel also accounts of many industry goods like farm vehicles and machinery, storage tanks,
tools, structures, walkways, and protective equipment.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
From skyscrapers and grand bridges to beautiful contemporary houses, steel is used in almost
any type of structure. It has become a predominant material in the construction industry because
it provides designers with the freedom to develop fresh structural solutions.
The distinctive qualities of steel products (e.g. structural beams, pipes, tread plates, flat bars and
heavy angles), such as adaptability, beauty, cost-effectivity, durability and ductility, make this
metal the material of choice for many home builders, engineers and architects.
Adaptability
Steel can be adjusted or changed according to the owner’s requirement. For instance, wall frames
made from this type of material can be repositioned or altered easily in order to widen the space
or create a new interior building layout. This ability to adapt to changes allows for easier

5. expansions, at the same time helps extend the lifespan of the structure.
Beauty
It offers a stylish way of creating large, column-free interiors, thereby giving the building a sense
of openness. It’s also malleable, giving structural designers the freedom to explore ideas in terms
of creating stylish shapes and textures in order to make the building distinct.
Cost-effectivity
It is light-weight compared to timber, which makes it easier to transport and thus, reduces fuel
costs and accelerates project schedules. Aside from this, it is also energy efficient and can be
recycled, creating minimal raw material wastes.
Ductility
It does not buckle, distort, rotate, clink, warp or splinter; but it can be rolled or cut and turned
into a variety of sizes and shapes without changing its composition or physical property through
structural steel fabrication.
Durability
It can withstand extreme forces or harsh weather conditions, such as strong winds, earthquakes,
hurricanes and heavy snow. They are also unreceptive to rust and, unlike wood frames, they are
not affected by termites, bugs, mildew, mould and fungi. Additionally, they are more fire-
resistant compared to wooden frames.
Utilising steel supplies in building residential, commercial or industrial structures is definitely a
worthy investment.
If you are planning on using these materials as the functional support for your construction
project, make sure to choose quality products from trusted steel suppliers like us here at
Stronghold Fabrications.
DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL
1. Maintenance cost of a steel structure is very high. Due to action of rust in steel, expensive
paints are required to renew time to time. So that resistance against severe conditions increases.
2. Steel has very small resistance against fire as compared to concrete. Almost from 600-
700C half of steel strength reduced.
3. Steel cannot be mold in any direction you want. It can only be used in forms in which
sections originally exists.
4. If steel loses its ductility property, than chances of brittle fractures increase.
5. If there are very large variations in tensile strength than this lead steel to more tension. Due
to which steel tensile properties graph falls down.