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1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 1
Skeletal Construction (Temporary Bus Shelter)
KHOR HAO XIANG
LEE YIH
LOH WEI SHUEN
LOVIE TEY
SCHANI BHARAT

2. INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCESS
IDEAS DEVELOPMENT
ANALYSIS ON SUCCESS/ FAILURE 1
MODIFICATIONS
FINAL DESIGN
MATERIAL SELECTION
CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
FRAME COMPONENTS
JOINTS
ASSEMBLING PROCESS
FORCES AND STRENGTH OF STRUCTURE
FORCES DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM
REFERENCE
CONTENT

3. INTRODUCTION
In a group of 5 members, we are supposed to propose a design of a temporary bus shelter by
using skeleton structure system. Objective of this project is to let us students have an
understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component by knowing how the
structure reacts under loading, demonstrating a convincing understanding on how the construction
work as well as solving construction problems with an oblique design.
First of all, we have to choose a form for the bus shelter out of the basic forms that are
given such as cube, cuboid, pentagonal prism, sphere and so on. During discussion among
ourselves, we took the challenge on designing a bus shelter that is bizarre in form, yet being
able to withstands all kind of loads and forces because we want to explore more construction
methods that are special to our oblique form while not sacrificing the aesthetics values and
strength of the structure. Therefore, we have developed our design from a typical rectangular form
into an octagonal prism because according to our research, octagon is the most efficient shape for
several good reasons such as comparing with a square; an octagon encloses approximately 20%
additional space with the same perimeter while in the meantime the shape encloses space
efficiently, minimizing external surface area and consequently heat loss / heat gain, as well as
the surface of the prism is easily oriented to receive natural sunlight.
Other than in design wise, we also aimed to reduce the construction cost of the bus shelter.
In order to do so, our approaches on choice of materials are cheap but not sacrificing the
strength of structure. Therefore, we use materials such as canvas tarpaulins for the roof, plywood
for most of the structure as well as using several ways of joints such as slotting, mortise and
tendon etc that are from timber as they are low in cost on the market comparing to typical roof
tiles, steel structures and steel plate connectors.

4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
VISIBILITY
ALLOW USERS TO BE AWARED
OF THE OUTSIDE
ENVIRONMENT WHILE
PROVIDING SECURITY.
WEATHER RESISTANT
TO PROVIDE SUN SHADING
AND TO WITHSTAND RAINY
DAYS AND STRONG WINDS.
EASY/ QUICK ACCESS
TO MAINTAIN AN ORDERED
CIRCULATION, ESPECIALLY
DURING PEAK HOURS.
RAINPOUR PREVENTION
PREVENT RAIN POURING ONTO
USER’S HEAD WHILE
ACCESSING (PROBLEM
OCCURRED IN A
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN).
BASIC GEOMETRY:
OCTAGONAL SHAPE, WHY?
1. EQUAL FORCE
DISTRIBUTION
ON 8 SIDES
2. EASY ACCESS FROM 3
DIRECTIONS)
3. AERODYNAMIC
(DIVERT STRONG WIND TO
REDUCE LATERAL FORCE)
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

5. IDEAS DEVELOPMENT
BASIC OCTAGONAL STRUCTURE FORMED BY TIMBER
COLUMNS AND BEAMS, FACING ALL SIDES DUE TO
CONCENTRIC CONFIGURATION.
PROS: MAXIMUM VISIBILITY, QUICK
ACCESS FROM ALL SIDES
CONS: COMPLICATED BRACING DESIGN,
IMPRACTICAL ROOF DESIGN
DESIGN 1
DETAIL STRUCTURE: BRACING
3 MAIN ENTRANCE ARE DETERMINED. IMPROVED ROOF
DESIGN THAT COLLECTS RAINWATER AND ALLOW THEM
TO FLOW OUT THROUGH HOLES DESIGNED AT THE
BACK.
PROS: PREVENT RAINPOUR ON USER AS
THEY ACCESS, MAXIMUM VISIBILITY,
QUICK AND ORDERED ACCESS, SIMPLIFIED
BRACING
CONS: UNITERESTING DESIGN, UNSTABLE
ROOF STRUCTURE
DESIGN 2
DETAIL
STRUCTURE:
BRACING
ROOF DESIGN: FLOW OF
RAINWATER
ROOF
BEAM
COLUMN
RAINWATER
MODIFIED THE ROOF DESIGN THAT HAS THE SAME
FUNCTION AS PREVIOUS. CLADDINGS ARE ADDED
TO PROVIDED BETTER SUN SHADING AND SENSE
OF SECURITY
PROS: VISUALLY AESTHETIC, MAXIMUM
VISIBILIY, QUICK AND ORDERED
ACCESS, EASY TO ASSEMBLE/
DISMANTLE, BETTER SUNSHADING,
SECURITY, PREVENT RAIN SPLASHING
DESIGN 3
IMPROVED ROOF
DESIGN
FRONT VIEW

6. LOAD TESTING
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WEIGHT
SUPPORTED BY (1:5) STRUCTURE: 7.5 KG
FORCES ASSERTED IN REAL LIFE:
F = M X A
= (7.5 X 5) X 9.8 m/s^2
= 367.5 N
1
2
3
ROOF STRUCTURE WAS BENDING DOWN AND
THE ROOF’S FORM STARTED TO GET
DISTORTED ON STAGE 3.
THIS IS DUE TO THE BRACING’S POOR
DESIGN, CAUSING LACK OF STRENGHNESS
TO WITHSTAND MORE LOAD EXERTED FROM
THE TOP, WHICH REPRESENT THE WIND AND
RAIN IN REAL LIFE.
PROBLEM DETECTED:
ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN AND ITS BRACING

7. PROBLEM DETECTED:
WEAK ‘K-BRACING’ STRUCTURE AND COLUMN
WITHOUT APPLYING FORCE FORCE APPLIED IN CLOCKWISE
DIRECTION
FORCE APPLIED IN ANTICLOCKWISE
DIRECTION
LATERAL FORCES
WHEN STRUCTURE IS TWISTED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS, THE
COLUMNS APPEARED TO BE UNSTABLE, TILTED TO THE
SIDE FOLLOWING THE FORCES’ DIRECTION.
THIS IS DUE TO THE WEAK STRUCTURE OF THE COLUMNS
AND BRACING AS BOTH OF THEM WERE HAVING THE SAME
THICKNESS. BESIDES, THE ‘K-BRACING’ WERE ALL
ARRANGED IN THE SAME DIRECTION WHICH WEAKENS THE
OVERALL STRUCTURE’S STRENGTH

8. ROOF - COLUMN
COLUMNS X BRACING
DIFFERENT
WAYS TO CONNECT
BRACINGS IN RIGHT
ANGLE
SPECIAL DESIGN TO CONNECT
BRACING TO COLUMN DUE TO THE
ANGLE (135∘)
POOR COLUMN’S BRACING
DESIGN CAUSING COLUMN TO
BE TILTED UNDER LATERAL
FORCE
TOO MANY HOLES TO BE
MADE ON BEAM TO
CONNECT THE BRACINGS,
WEAKENING THE
STRENGTH OF IT
CONNECTING BEAMS
TO COLUMN

9. BEAM - COLUMN - FOUNDATION
POOR DESIGN OF
ALLOCATION FOR FOOTINGS
CAUSING WASTAGE ON COST
AND RESOURCES
JOINT FOR RIGHT ANGLE
JOINT FOR SPECIAL ANGLE

10. FINAL DESIGN
FLOOR PLAN ROOF PLAN
1150 MM
400 MM

11. FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
3000 MM
2500 MM

12. MATERIAL SELECTION
TIMBER PLYWOOD -
ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE
REPLACED WITH THIN
TIMBER PLYWOOD WITH
WATERPROOF COATING
VOID - ACTUAL
MATERIAL: TO BE
REPLACED WITH CLEAR
GLASS
CONCRETE FOUNDATION:
MIXTURE OF CEMENT AND
WATER POURED INTO A
BOX-LIKE STRUCTURE
MADE OF PLYWOOD
TIMBER PLYWOOD -
ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE
REPLACED WITH MERANTI
AS IT’S A DURABLE AND
ECONOMICAL HARDWOOD
TIMBER PLYWOOD -
ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE
REPLACED WITH TIMBER
PLANK WITH WATERPROOF
COATING
500GSM VINYL PVC
BANNER - ACTUAL
MATERIAL: TO BE
REPLACED WITH
WATERPROOFING CANVAS
TARPAULINS

13. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
RECYCABLE MATERIALS
ARE COLLECTED AND ALL
EQUIPMENTS ARE SET UP
MEASURING AND MARKING
FOR CUTTING PURPOSE
G-CLAMP AND ELECTRIC
SAW WERE USED FOR A
CLEAN FINISHING
THE UNEVEN SURFACE IS
SMOOTHEN WITH MILLED
TOOTH FILES
NAILING PIECES TOGETHER
STARTING FROM FLOOR BEAM
MINI DRILL MACHINE IS
USED TO CREATE HOLES
CHISEL METHOD IS USED
FOLLOW BY DRILLING TO
CREATE THE MORTISE
COLUMN IS ATTACHED IS
ATTACHED TO FLOOR
BEAMS PROCEDURALLY

14. ROOF BEAM ARE
CONNECTED TO COLUMNS
FLOOR BEAMS ARE REINFORCED
WITH STEEL PLATE TO
SUPPORT HEAVIER LOAD (DEAD
LOAD + LIVE LOAD)
TIMBER PLYWOOD
FLOORING IS SLOTTED
INTO FLOOR BEAM
ATTACHING ‘K-BRACING’
TO THE CREATED MORTISE
ADDED PASSENGER SEATS
MADE OF TIMBER
CEMENT ADDED WITH WATER
IS POURED INTO THE BOX-
LIKE STRUCTURES
BANNER IS CONNECTED
TO ROOF BEAM
THIN SHEETS ARE
RIVETED ONTO
COLUMNS, ‘K-BRACING’
AND ROOF BEAMS

15. JOINTS AND DETAILS
OCTAGON
135∘ ON EACH SIDE
1. MORTISE AND TENON
CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’
TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE
3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT
CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’
TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM
AND TOP
2. REINFORCED WITH
STEEL BRACKETS
ROOF - COLUMN - FLOOR

16. 5. CROSS HALVING JOINTS
INTERCONNECTION OF
SECONDARY BEAMS
CROSS HALVING JOINTS
BRACING STRUCTURE TO
SECONDARY BEAM
6. MORTISE AND TENON
SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM
FLOOR - FOUNDATION
7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING
ALLOCATION OF
FOOTINGS
4. ROPE TYING
TO TIE THE WATERPROOFING
BANNER ONTO ROOF BEAM

17. PHOTOS - JOINTS AND DETAILS
1. MORTISE AND TENON
CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’
TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE
2. REINFORCED
WITH STEEL
BRACKETS
3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT
CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’
TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM
AND TOP

18. 4. ROPE TYING
TO TIE THE
WATERPROOFING BANNER
ONTO ROOF BEAM
5. CROSS HALVING
JOINTS
INTERCONNECTION OF
SECONDARY BEAMS
6. MORTISE AND TENON
SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM
7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING

19. ASSEMBLING PROCESS
1. FLOOR: CONNECT THE
SHORT BEAMS TO THE TWO
LONG BEAMS
2. FLOOR: CONNECT THE
REMAINING BEAMS TO FORM AN
OCTAGONAL BASE AROUND THE
(STRUCTURE 1.)
3. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT
TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN
TO THE FLOOR STRUCTURE,
FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE
IN AN ASCENDING WAY
4. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT
TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN
TO THE SIDE-BY-SIDE TWO
END OF THE LONG BEAMS ON
FLOOR STRUCTURE
6. COLUMN - COLUMN/ BEAM:
CONNECT THE BRACINGS TO
THE COLUMN AND FLOOR BEAM
TO STABILIZE EVERYTHING
7. ROOF - COLUMN: CONNECT
THE EXTERNAL ROOF BEAMS TO
FORM AN OCTAGONAL SHAPE
AROUND THE COLUMN
5. COLUMN - FLOOR: THIS
FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE
IN AN ASCENDING WAY
8. ROOF : SLOT TWO LONG
BEAMS TO OF SAME LENGTH
INTO ONE LONGEST BEAM
9. ROOF : CONNECT
(STRUCTURE 8.) TO THE
COLUMN AND ROOF BEAMS

20. FORCES AND STRENGTH
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON
FLOOR BEAMS
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON ROOF
BEAMS
MILD FORCE
SEVERE FORCE
RAINFLOW DIRECTION
FORCE DISTRIBUTION’S
DIRECTION
FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON
OVERALL STRUCTURE

21. REFERENCE
• Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4thedition. Pearson and
Prentice Hall.
• Simmon, H. Leslie, 2001. Construction: Principles, Materials and
Method. 7th Edition. New York. John
Wiley & Sons.
• Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New
York. Van Nostrand Reinhold
• "How to Build a Gazebo. DIY Timber Frame Wood Back Yard Gazebo.
Simple Woodwork Pergola & Round." Youtube. N.p., 24 July 2014. Web.
1 May 2016.
• Peters, Rick. "How to Build a Pergola Right in Your Backyard."
Popular Mechanics. N.p., 1 Oct. 2015. Web. 1 May 2016.
• "Shelter Design." Metro Transit. Metro Transit, n.d. Web. 1 May
2016.
• Begnal, Tom. "Low-Tech Mortising." Fine Wood Working. N.p., 20-25
Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2016.