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WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY?
• Ethno – refers to human culture
• Graphy – means description of
• A research process used in the scientific
study of human interactions in social
settings
• Used extensively in anthropology
• Has become increasing popular in many
different fields over the past few years
• Nursing, education, market research,
business, etc
DEFINITION
 “ Ethnographic research methods are included in qualitative research
methods. The word ethnography comes from the Greek words ethos which
means ethnicity and graphos meaning something written. Ethnography is
the science of writing about ethnicity, using a more contemporary
language, Ethnography can be interpreted as writing about cultural
groups. “ Emzir. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif : Analisis Data.
Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.page 18
 According to Oxford Online Dictionary the definition of Ethnography is The
scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits,
and mutual differences.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethnography
 Cambridge defines the ethnography is a scientific description of the
culture of a society by someone who has lived in it, or a book containing
this.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ethnography
 “ Ethnography is a research strategy that allows researchers to explore
and examine the cultures and societies that are a fundamental part of the
human experience. . . . “
Murchison
WHEN THE USE OF
ETHNOGRAPHY?
o Understanding Human Clumps.
o Understanding Human Behavior.
o To Found The Theory Grounded.
o Understanding The Complex
Community.
1. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CLUMPS.
The purpose of social anthropology, namely to describe
and explain the regularity and variety of social behavior.
Perhaps the most prominent feature of humanity is its
diversity. Why does one clump show such variations,
create different patterns of marriage, hold different
values, eat different foods, nurture children differently,
trust different gods, and pursue different goals? If the
ethnographer understands this diversity, then he must
begin by carefully describing it.
2. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
This meaning can be found. An ethnographer can ask someone
who collects sea shells about his work, what he does, why he
does it. Any explanation.
3. TO FOUND THE THEORY GROUNDED.
Ethnography offers an excellent strategy for finding grounded
theories. For example, the ethnography of children from the
cultural environment of minorities in the United States who
succeed in school can develop a grounded theory of school
governance. Such studies reveal that, the child is not
experiencing cultural deprivation, instead they experience
flooding culturally overwhelmed, where their success in school
4. UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX
COMMUNITY.
Ethnography offers one of the best ways to understand
this complex picture of modern life. Ethnogafi can show
different cultural differences and how people with
different perspectives by interacting.
COMMON METHODS
● Realistic Ethnography
● Case Studies
● Critical Ethnography
CHARACTERISTIC OF
ETHNOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Creswell (2012 : 468)
1.Cultural theme
2.Cultural group
3.Co-ownership of patterns of behavior,beliefs,
and language
4.Fieldwork
5.Description, themes and interpretational
6.Context or setting
ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH PROCEDURES
1. Setting informants
2. Conducting interviews to informants
3. Make ethnographic notes
4. Asking descriptive questions
5. Conducting an ethnographic interview analysis.
6. Create a domain analysis.
7. Asking a structural question which is an
advanced stage after identifying the domain.
8. Make taxonomic analysis.
9. Ask a contrasting question where the meaning
of a symbol is believed to be found by
discovering how a symbol differs from other
symbols.
ETHNOGRAPHY DATA
COLLECTING INSTRUMENT
1. In-depth Interview (Indepth Interview)
2. Participant Observation (Participant
Observation).
3. Focus Group Discussion (Focus Group
Discussion)
4. Life History
5. Document Analysis.
Questions?

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361857731-Ethnography-ppt.ppt

  • 1.
  • 2. WHAT IS ETHNOGRAPHY? • Ethno – refers to human culture • Graphy – means description of • A research process used in the scientific study of human interactions in social settings • Used extensively in anthropology • Has become increasing popular in many different fields over the past few years • Nursing, education, market research, business, etc
  • 3. DEFINITION  “ Ethnographic research methods are included in qualitative research methods. The word ethnography comes from the Greek words ethos which means ethnicity and graphos meaning something written. Ethnography is the science of writing about ethnicity, using a more contemporary language, Ethnography can be interpreted as writing about cultural groups. “ Emzir. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif : Analisis Data. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.page 18  According to Oxford Online Dictionary the definition of Ethnography is The scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethnography  Cambridge defines the ethnography is a scientific description of the culture of a society by someone who has lived in it, or a book containing this. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ethnography  “ Ethnography is a research strategy that allows researchers to explore and examine the cultures and societies that are a fundamental part of the human experience. . . . “ Murchison
  • 4. WHEN THE USE OF ETHNOGRAPHY? o Understanding Human Clumps. o Understanding Human Behavior. o To Found The Theory Grounded. o Understanding The Complex Community.
  • 5. 1. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CLUMPS. The purpose of social anthropology, namely to describe and explain the regularity and variety of social behavior. Perhaps the most prominent feature of humanity is its diversity. Why does one clump show such variations, create different patterns of marriage, hold different values, eat different foods, nurture children differently, trust different gods, and pursue different goals? If the ethnographer understands this diversity, then he must begin by carefully describing it.
  • 6. 2. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR. This meaning can be found. An ethnographer can ask someone who collects sea shells about his work, what he does, why he does it. Any explanation. 3. TO FOUND THE THEORY GROUNDED. Ethnography offers an excellent strategy for finding grounded theories. For example, the ethnography of children from the cultural environment of minorities in the United States who succeed in school can develop a grounded theory of school governance. Such studies reveal that, the child is not experiencing cultural deprivation, instead they experience flooding culturally overwhelmed, where their success in school
  • 7. 4. UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEX COMMUNITY. Ethnography offers one of the best ways to understand this complex picture of modern life. Ethnogafi can show different cultural differences and how people with different perspectives by interacting.
  • 8. COMMON METHODS ● Realistic Ethnography ● Case Studies ● Critical Ethnography
  • 9. CHARACTERISTIC OF ETHNOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH Creswell (2012 : 468) 1.Cultural theme 2.Cultural group 3.Co-ownership of patterns of behavior,beliefs, and language 4.Fieldwork 5.Description, themes and interpretational 6.Context or setting
  • 10. ETHNOGRAPHY RESEARCH PROCEDURES 1. Setting informants 2. Conducting interviews to informants 3. Make ethnographic notes 4. Asking descriptive questions 5. Conducting an ethnographic interview analysis. 6. Create a domain analysis. 7. Asking a structural question which is an advanced stage after identifying the domain. 8. Make taxonomic analysis. 9. Ask a contrasting question where the meaning of a symbol is believed to be found by discovering how a symbol differs from other symbols.
  • 11. ETHNOGRAPHY DATA COLLECTING INSTRUMENT 1. In-depth Interview (Indepth Interview) 2. Participant Observation (Participant Observation). 3. Focus Group Discussion (Focus Group Discussion) 4. Life History 5. Document Analysis.

Editor's Notes

  1. Metode penelitian etnografi termasuk dalam metode penelitian kualitatif. Kata etnografi berasal dari kata-kata Yunani ethos yang artinya suku bangsa dan graphos yang artinya sesuatu yang ditulis. Menurut Emzir (2012:18) etnografi adalah ilmu penulisan tentang suku bangsa, menggunakan bahasa yang lebih kontemporer, Etnografi dapat diartikan sebagai penulisan tentang kelompok budaya. Menurut Ary, dkk (2010:459) etnografi adalah studi mendalam tentang perilaku alami dalam sebuah budaya atau seluruh kelompok sosial. Metode etnografi adalah prosedur penelitian kualitatif untuk menggambarkan, menganalisa, dan menafsirkan unsur-unsur dari sebuah kelompok budaya seperti pola perilaku, kepercayaan, dan bahasa yang berkembang dari waktu ke waktu. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah budaya. Budaya sendiri menurut LeCompte dkk (dalam Creswell, 2012:462) adalah segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan perilaku manusia dan keyakinan. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah bahasa, ritual, ekonomi, dan struktur politik, tahapan kehidupan, interaksi, dan gaya komunikasi. Jadi bisa disimpulkan penelitian etnografi adalah penelitian kualitatif yang meneliti kehidupan suatu kelompok/masyarakat secara ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari, mendeskripsikan, menganalisia, dan menafsirkan pola budaya suatu kelompok tersebut dalam hal perilaku, kepercayaan, bahasa, dan pandangan yang dianut bersama.
  2. Dalam tradisi penelitian yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, etnografi dikenal sebagai salah satu tradisi kualitatif selain penelitian biografi[1][1], fenomenologi[2], grounded research[3][3], dan studi kasus[4][4]. Penelitian etnografi diidentikan dengan kerja antropologi, dengan dasar selain sebagai founding father, penentu cikal bakal lahirnya antropologi, juga karena karakter penelitian etnografi yang mengkaji secara alamiah individu dan masyarakat yang hidup dalam situasi budaya tertentu. Karena itupula etnografi dikenal sebagai naturalistic inquiry (Lincoln & Guba, 1995). Istilah Etnografi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu ethnos (bangsa) yang berarti orang atau folk. Sementara Graphein (menguraikan) berarti penggambaran sesuatu (Neuman, 2000). Etnografi secara harfiah dapat dipahami sebagai upaya penggambaran (mendeskripsikan) suatu budaya atau cara hidup orang-orang dalam sebuah komunitas tertetu, atau menurut Atkinson (1992) diartikan sebagai penulisan budaya, deskripsi tertulis mengenai sebuah budaya berdasarkan temuan-temuan di lapangan. Secara khusus etnografi dapat dipahami sebagai usaha memahami tingkah laku manusia ketika mereka berinteraksi dengan sesamanya di suatu komunitas. Etnografi adalah uraian dan penafsiran suatu budaya atau system kelompok sosial. Peneliti menguji kelompok tersebut dan mempelajari pola perilaku, kebiasaan dan cara hidup. Etnografi adalah sebuah proses dan hasil dari sebuah penelitian. Sebagai sebuah proses, etnografi melibatkan pengamatan yang cukup panjang terhadap suatu kelompok, sehingga peneliti memahami betul bagaimana kehidupan keseharian subjek penelitian tersebut (Participant observation, life history), yang kemudian diperdalam dengan indepth interview terhadap masing-masing individu dalam kelompok tersebut. Dengan demikian penelitian etnografi menghendaki etnografer /peneliti : (1) mempelajari arti atau makna dari setiap perilaku, bahasa, dan interaksi dalam kelompok dalam situasi budaya tertentu, (2) memahami budaya atau aspek budaya dengan memaksimalkan observasi dan interpretasi perilaku manusia yang berinteraksi dengan manusia lainnya, (3) menangkap secara penuh makna realitas budaya berdasarkan perspektif subjek penelitian ketika menggunakan symbol-simbol tertentu dalam konteks budaya yang spesifik.