Research paper on the individual punishment issue.

1. UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX
Individual Punishment
Research
Sociology Research Assignment
Sociology 120
Professor Lee Daffin
Mechelle Davidson
12/11/2011

2. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
Changesinthe administrationof criminal justice reveal significantdevelopments inlegal
inventionsof greatimportance andcriminologyof humanbehaviorsinthe lastfiftyyears. Development
of these revolutionarypublicconceptionsonthe nature of crime and the criminal,aswell aspublic
attitudestowardthe propertreatmentof the convictedoffenderis essential inAmericansociety’s
evolution. Whenlookingthroughthe complex historyof criminal justice development,institutional
behaviors,publicattitudes,andperhapsprecise idealismstodiscover knowledge of humanbehaviorto
control that of humanbehavior standsobjective of future penalprocessideas. AccordingtoSirFrancis
Palgrave, “Punishmentisnottobe thunderedinvengeance forthe satisfactionof the state,butimposed
for the goodof the offender, toaffordthe meansof amendmentandtoleadtotransgressorto
repentance,andtomercy,”(Allen,1959, p.226).
Crime and Policy
Laws and policiesovertime have adaptedtolocal conditionsand influencesof society
emphasizingoncriminal behaviorandthe cost. Througha growingpublicperceptiononcriminalityand
the effectivenessof corrections, ratesof recidivismrecognizesthe importance of inmate achievements
ineducation,training,conduct,andtreatmentneedsspecifictothe individual offendersisamajor factor
inwhetherthey eventualreturntocriminality.
Withgrowingcrime,ratesand detentionof lawbreakerswithinthe penitentiarysystemswith
the ideologyconceivedasisolatedplace criminal offendersincarceratedforpunishment,toreflecton
theirmisdeedwhileengaginginproductive labor,asconsequencestoenlistreformatorybehaviorand
rehabilitation. These disillusioned viewssaw the deterrence andreformachievementnecessary in
allowingthe criminal tofunctionas aproductive membersof society‘s citizens (Esperian,2010).

3. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
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Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
Americansprevailingwisdomof prisoners’andthe differentcorrectionspoliciescurrently in
position depicts seriousdebates thateducationoverhorrible experiencespromises adelinquent
membertakingresponsibilitiesforcommittingcrimes,andsuggestscontributingtoreducingre-
incarceration;agood investmentforstate taxpayers.
Types of Punishment
Punishmentthroughoutthe ageswasintendedto reflectsthe ideasandvaluesof societiesand
governmentswhichmandatedthem,earlyattitudestowardcrime andpunishment characterizedby
retribution, preventivedetention (deterrence),rehabilitation,andsocietalprotection. Societal
interventionandinfluencessponsors numerous opinionsregardingprisonerprograms,and promoting
non-traditionaloffenderdiversionswithalternativestooutlawsspendingtime behindbars concurrence
to the severityof the crime committed.
Preventive Detention
Preventivedetentioninvoke envisagesof arrests,convictions,andpunishmentof persons,not
because of grievousharmstheyhave actuallycommitted,orhave alreadyimposedonothersbut
because of suspicionstheyare disposedtocommitactsthat likelywill cause grave harmfuturistically.
Thisperverse viewof traditional legalpoliciespotential of legitimizingthe incarcerationof potential
criminal actsbefore theyhave commenced,onbeliefof possible harmsthatmightoccur if
incapacitationwere nottooccur. Tendencyinfavorof detentionforfuture dangersprovides the theory
that the onlyacceptable rationale is tofullylegitimate incarcerationascrime prevention. Asa
continuedcore partof legal practice,atthe deepestlevel governmental principle mayinterveneinorder
to preventfuture harms.

4. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
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Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
What preventive detentionmeanssimplyisthe understandingthat(1) beingsimultaneouslya
policyaboutwhatconstitutesacrime and (2) whatjustifiesgovernmentalintervention. This
characterizingentailsthatanactivity,(1),canproperlyconsideredacrime (asstatute defines) if
plausible tobelieve thatdoing(1) substantiallyincreasesthe riskingrievousharmtoinnocentcitizensis
to ensue eventuallyfrom(1). Immediateanddirectharmof suchcrime is of course a criminal act.
Theoristsare inclinedtocriminalize activitiesevenif productionof noharm shouldensue fromthese
activities. Retributionistsholdthe viewthatpunishmentsshouldfitthe crime,andthe functionof
punishmentsisretributionof adebtto society. Preventive detentionists,holdthe contrarybelief that
the principal functionof punishmentorincarcerationistoprotectsocietyfromdangerouspersons,with
a longerincapacitationforthose representingagreaterdanger.
Preventivedetentiondoesnotprovide indefinite detention ordenial of righttoinformed
chargesupon arrest,or the potential forincarcerationof anysignificance withoutdue process.
Preventivedetentiondoes howeverentail the assessmentof dangerposedtosocietybothbydefining
the characters of a criminal actand determinationof appropriate punishment. These nightmarish
schemeswe canimagine onlyholdsthattheoriesof crime andpunishmentare necessaryfor
constructionof acceptable criminal justice systems.
The current trial and incarcerationpoliciesinvolve elementsof preventive detentionunderstood
broadly as oftendeprivationof personslibertyoccurforfearthat lefttotheirowndevices,seriousharm
mightoccur to others. Once realizationof the vastnumbersof differenttypesof actscriminalized
throughparticularguides,those actsproduced noharm to anyone,nonetheless criminalizedbecause
theypose a seriousfuture dangertoothersandthose committingsuchacts once isprone to repeatif
not incarcerated.

5. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
Retribution
RetributionideologygovernsAmericansentencingpoliciesresultinginnegative relationships
betweenthe police,courts,andAmericancommunityresidents. Asfactorsthat contribute tocurrent
punishment,systemsare predominantlyfollowingrationaleforthe impositionof criminalsanctions,as
consequencesthatdepersonalize the offender,by absorbingindividualization inthe classificationof
committedcrimes. A criminal punishmentview of social principlesprovides avalues-basedperspective
encompassingthe distinctive understandingof persons,the relationshipstoideasof power,andthe
powerof relationships.
Currentpracticesrepresentinnovativeviewsandapproachestodoingjustice while relating
decisionstopresentchange thatextendbeyondall constitutional limitations. Restorative principalsare
the meansto maintaincontrol andorderin society,the ideaof justice incriminal mattersisessential in
lawand punishments. Retributivejustice measuredbythe impositionof sanctionscharacterizedbythe
severityandproportional tothe type of offense. Resultingoffendersbecome targetsof formal criminal
sanctionsbecause of hisor herbehaviors,consequencesof social stigmasattachedtohavingacriminal
record reflectssocial cassationreflective of earlyhistorical rootsfollowingthe Napoleoniccode of civil
law.
The act of violation of law and the emphasizing criminal behaviors signify those individual
victims,communities,offenders,and the families that incurred harm by their criminal act. Restorative
justice imagine implicationextensive inall whoare a partyto the criminal act and acknowledgement of
understanding the effects of his or her criminal behavior on others while taking responsibility of the

6. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
physical and emotional needs of said victims. A community assumes responsibilities in establishing
supportive services with a safe environment for offenders as well as all its other members.
Rehabilitation through Education
The ideaof educational correctionsoffersthe single mosteffectivetool inreducing
incarcerationratesandre-incarcerationof individualsdirectlyworkingwithprograms. Transitioning
felonsthroughstate createdpositive outreachprogramsproviderealisticunderstandingof numerous,
and seriousbarriersfacinginmates’re-entryinsociety. General attitudestowardprisoners’education
hitboth sidesof the spectrum,fromextreme negativitytoacceptance,withnoreal enthusiasmof
rehabilitationthroughincarceration. Critical elementsmissinginprisoneducationsystemsare those of
motivationstrategiesfromclassinstructors. Secondaryandcollegelevel programsare highlysuccessful,
while vocational andmechanical programsgenerally,generatingmore enthusiasm (Esperian,2010).
With developmentof these programs, inmatesgainbasicskills,likereadingandmathematics,
whichoftenresultin providinggreateropportunitiesforsignificantdeterrents tore-incarceration
(Ogden,1958). Educationhumanizes individuals,which clearlyameliorative effectson reversion rates
whenone considersthe educationwill onlysharpenrationalityandcritical thinkingdesignsof those
incarceratedwiththese opportunities.
Societal Protection
Societal protectionrecognizesanumberof frameworkdocumentsthatguarantee aminimum
livelihood(notnecessarilyincome)in circumstances,which potentially jeopardizesanindividual’s
survival. Themesof societal protectionrightsandsustainabilitypromote circumstancesinthe provision
of social protectionpursuanttoensure the fulfillmentof the righttominimumlivelihoodwithdignityof

7. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
all citizens (AndyNorton,2002). Societal protectionconstitutesthe renderingof anoffenderincapable
of furtheroffensesthroughthe temporaryimprisonmentandpermanentlyusingcapital punishmentor
execution (Macionis,2006, p. 183).
Societal protectionintendedforthe protectionof societyfromthe harmandthreat of
perpetrators withcrime. Definitionsof social protectionvarybetweenbroadandnarrow perspectives;
definingthe focusof problemsnature,while addressingpolicyresponsesandinstrumental concepts
opposedtopragmaticapproaches. Withdual characters, referringtobothnature of deprivationand
formof policyresponses,mosthoweveraddressall three purposesforpublicactionsandresponse
levels:
 VulnerabilityandRiskAssessments
 Levelsof absolute deprivationdeemedunacceptable
 Form of response,whichisbothsocial andpublicincharacter
 Social protection refersto the public actionstaken in responseto levels of vulnerability,riskand
deprivation which are deemed socially unacceptablewithin a given polity or society (Andy Norton,
2002, p.543).1
Under thisbeliefsystemprotectiondealswithboth(i) the absolutedeprivationand
vulnerabilitiesof the poorestand(ii) the needof the non-poorforsecurityinthe face of shocksandthe
difficultiesof differentstagesof the life cycle(example:pregnancy,death,andmarriage), (Andy Norton,
2002). Societyof all personsforself andotherstranscendsthe idealismof “control forthe sake of
control,”Consistentwiththe moral fiberof educationtheory,aneedtoimpose punishmentforoffender

8. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
insteadof to the offender, expressedsimplyasa deprivationof personal freedoms. Underpenal law,
withthe provisionthat“time”become the opportunityforself reform, remorse,training,and
responsibilityof relationshipcontrol andmutual responsibilities inemphaticallyexplorationof
dimensionswithin punishmentsbasedonpoliciesandpractices (Allen,1959).
Result
Primarysignificance formeasuresemployedtotreatthe convictedoffendershouldserve
therapeuticfunction,designedtoeffectchange inbehaviorsof the convictedpersoninthe interestof
hisor her ownhappiness,health,andsatisfactionwiththe interestof social defense.
Vivian Nixon writes,“In a country wheresecond chancesand opportunity areprofessed values,
democraticaccess to high-qualityhighereducation mustincludeaccessfor peoplein prison. We cannot
barthe mostvulnerablepeoplefromthe very thing thathasthe greatestpotentialto changetheir lives”
(Esperian,2010, p. 331).
Potential change of individualsitwouldseemisthe primaryreasonthatopportunitiesmustbe
available andextendedtoall incarceratedfelons. Research suggeststhatthrougheducationa
structured life of workandlearning- are the neededcornerstones-forformerfelons especially,providing
themproperconstruction of society’sacceptable norm foundations. Accountabilityforcriminal
behaviors,proportional tothe nature of offense,sentence imposed,andrealizationof effective crime
control for the safetyof communitiesare reflective inAmericanpoliciestoday (AndyNorton,2002).
However,Criminal Justice Systemshave pointedoutasoberingtruth:Criminal Justice systemscannot
eliminatecrime,onlyapplyapplicationtothe reformof those individualsperpetratingcrime against
society.

9. Individual Punishment Research
December 11, 2011
1
Societal protectionrecognize thatnon-stateinstitutionsmayprovideinsurance basedsocieties
are specificonthe identification of state providersof social assistances. Givingimportantinformal
transfersinthe livelihoodsof the poorand impoverished suggestiveof social assistance
conceptualizations (AndyNorton,2002, p.543).
References
Allen,F.A.(1959). Criminal Justice,Legal ValuesandThe RehabilitativeIdeal. CriminalLaw and
Administration,226-227.
AndyNorton,T. C. (2002). Social Protection:Definingthe fieldof ActionandPolicy. DevelopmentPolicy
Review,541-567.
Esperian, J.H. (2010). The Effectof PrisonEducationProgramsonRecidivism. TheJournalof Correctional
Education,316-334.
Laudan,R. J. (2011). DeadlyDilemmasIII:Some KindWordsForPreventiveDetention. TheJournalof
Criminal Law& Criminology,781-785.
Macionis,J.J. (2006). Society:The basics(8th ed.). UpperSaddle River,NJ:PearsonPrentice Hall.
Ogden,C.(1958). The Aimsof the Criminal Law. Law and Continuting Probation,401.