Recombinant DNA technology( Transgenic plant and animal)
Omar presentation
1. الرحيم الرحمن ال بسم
A Study on Genetic Variability, Interrelationships among some
Agronomic Traits and Path Coefficient Analysis in Pearl Millet
اللؤلؤي الدخن في المسار معامل وتحليل الحقلية الصفات بعض ارتباط ،الوراثي التباين دراسة
By
Omar Abdalla Bakhit Hassan
M.Sc. presentation
Supervisor
Dr. El hag Hassan Abuelgasim
23 February 2010
2. INTRODUCTION
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br) or "Dukhun", is a cereal crop
belonging to section Panacea of the family Poaceae.
Pearl millet is a robust, diploid species (2n=14), cross-pollinated grass with
immense genetic diversity.
The center of origin for pearl millet stretching from Western Sudan to
Senegal.
3. It's planted across a wide range of It's environments around the
world.
grown as a subsistence grain and forage crop for livestock. Also its
stalk can be used as building material or as fuel.
Pearl millet comes as the sixth among cereal crops in the world in
terms of production, coming after wheat, rice, maize, barley and
sorghum.
4. PEARL MILLET WORLD’S PRODUCTION AND
PRODUCTIVITY:
The world total grown area, in 2006 was 36.297 million hectares.
produced 32.074 million metrics tones.
The world average grain yield was ranged from and 883.6 kg/ha for
the year 2006.
5. PEARL MILLET IN SUDAN:
Is a preferred food crop for the majority of the inhabitants of
Western Sudan.
In terms of both area and production it ranks second after sorghum.
The crop is almost exclusively raised under rain-fed conditions with
97% of the total area in the country being raised under traditional
farming conditions.
About 95% of the crop area is found in Western Sudan (Kordofan
and Darfur states) mainly in the extensive sandy soil zone.
The annual average rainfall in the millet growing areas varies from
200 mm to 750 mm, falling during a short rainy season of 2 to 4
months.
6. PEARL MILLET IN SUDAN (Cont):
The annual average rainfall in the millet growing areas varies from
200 mm to 750 mm, falling during a short rainy season of 2 to 4
months.
The crop was grown on 2.256 million hectares producing 0.792
million metric tones in 2006 (FAO, 2007).
The average yield of grain per hectare in Sudan was 351 Kg/ha, in
2006.
7. CONSTRAINTS OF PRODUCTION:
The low and unreliable rainfall comes first since 99% of the area
cultivated depends on rainfall.
The poor genetic stocks cultivated by farmers
Pests and diseases cause serious damage to the crop.
The poor cultural practices followed by farmers.
Lack of agricultural services and inputs.
Lack of financing and extension services.
8. OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY:
To obtain information on genetic variability of agronomic traits in
local and exotic pearl millet genotypes.
To study the genotypic and phenotypic interrelationships between
the different pairs of various agronomic traits.
To study the path coefficient analysis of some important
agronomic traits and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield.
9. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
[1] Materials:
Sites: El shegaila, Beinu and El jekka in rain fed areas (North
Kordofan state), and Shambat was planted under irrigation area in
(Khartoum state).
Genotypes: The 18 local and exotic genotypes were tested.
Design: Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four
replications was used.
The experimental plot: consisted of 4 rows of 5 meter length, with a
spacing of 75 cm between rows and 50 cm between plant holes. Six
to eight seeds were sown in each hole.
Recommended agronomic practices were used.
10. Table 1: The pearl millet genotypes used in the study of genetic
variability and interrelationships among different traits
No Genotype Origin Note source
1 Ashana ICRISAT Released ARC-Sudan
2 Ugandi Uganda Released ARC-Sudan
3 Dembe (Um shegaira) Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
4 Aish burno West Africa Collection ARC-Sudan
5 Um gerfa Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
6 GB 87-35 ICRISAT promising ARC-Sudan
7 Bauda Darfur Collection ARC-Sudan
8 Demde yellow Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
9 Dahabaya ARC promising ARC-Sudan
10 Local Kordofani Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
11 Sudan II ICRISAT promising ARC-Sudan
12 HSD 2254 Darfur Collection ARC-Sudan
13 HSD 2260 Darfur Collection ARC-Sudan
14 HSD 2261 Darfur Collection ARC-Sudan
15 HSD 2279 Darfur Collection ARC-Sudan
16 HSD 2348 Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
17 HSD 2380 Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
18 HSD 2416 Kordofan Collection ARC-Sudan
11. [2] Data collection:
All measurements were taken from the two central rows in each plot.
The 17 agronomic traits were measured which includes :
plant population/ hectare.
Days to 50% to flowering.
days to 95% maturity.
plant height (cm).
stem diameter (cm).
productive tillers/ plant.
panicle length (cm).
panicle width (cm).
12. [2] Data collection (Cont):
number of panicles/ plot.
dry panicles/ plot.
number of seeds/ panicle.
1000 seed weight (g).
grain yield/ plant (g).
grain yield/ hectare (kg).
biological yield/ hectare (kg).
threshing percentage.
harvest index.
13. [3] Statistical analysis :
Single site and combined analysis – MSTAT-C software.
Mean separation (LSD 0.05).
Phenotypic, genotypic and variation.
Heritability (Hanson et al. 1956).
Phenotypic coefficients of variation (Burton 1952).
Genotypic coefficients of variation (Burton 1952).
Genetic advance and percentage genetic advance (Johnson et al.
1955).
Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients (Miller et al. ,
1958) .
Path coefficients analysis (Dewey and Lu ,1959) .
14. RESULTS
Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among
locations for all traits.
Highly significant differences among genotypes were observed for
most of the traits studied.
Significant differences for genotypes x locations interactions were
detected for most of the traits.
15. Table 2: Overall means average for the different characters in 18 pearl millet
genotypes at four sites in 2005/06 season.
SiteCharacter
El shegaila Beinu El jekka Shambat
Grand
mean
Plant population/ha 27842 36408 16008 36209 29130
50% days to flowering 69.98 59.10 75.06 66.07 68.01
95% days to maturity 99.48 89.29 105.07 96.61 97.79
Plant height (cm) 164.75 151.208 142.63 180.83 159.84
Stem diameter (cm) 1.039 0.878 0.992 1.18 1.03
Productive tillers/plant 1.39 1.625 1.751 3.67 2.18
Panicle length (cm) 23.19 24.590 24.849 22.16 24.26
Panicle width (cm) 2.56 2.400 2.403 2.30 2.42
No of panicles/ plot 50.58 66.111 30.910 168.04 79.00
Dry panicles wt. (kg)/plot 1.04 1.208 0.971 3.86 1.801
No of seeds/panicle 1530 1234 1312 1450 1381
1000 seeds weight (g) 8.69 7.07 7.77 8.09 7.93
Grain yield (g)/plant 20.40 14.454 30.09 54.89 30.12
Grain yield (kg)/ha 541.198 529.644 450.554 1546.280 766.919
Biological yield (kg)/ha 3303.174 4223.833 1942.626 8478.773 4486.978
Threshing % 54.76 48.02 55.09 46.12 51.02
Harvest index % 16.21 12.790 23.60 18.32 17.77
22. Table 7: Path coefficient analysis of the direct and indirect
effect of five yield components and their genotypic
correlation coefficients with grain yield/ plant in pearl millet
genotypes at four sites in 2005/06 season.
Effect on grain yield plant (g)
Indirect effect via
Character Direct
effect
Productive
tillers/plant
Panicle
length
(cm)
Panicle
width
(cm)
Number
of seeds/
panicle
1000
seeds
weight
(g)
Genotypic
correlation
with grain
yield/
plant
Productive
tillers/plant
0.286 0.176 0.065 0.081 0.142 0.464
Panicle length
(cm)
0.510 0.176 -0.403 0.195 0.074 0.593
Panicle width (cm) 0.223 0.065 -0.403 0.537 -0.221 0.226
Number of
seeds/panicle
0.119 0.081 0.195 0.537 -0.461 0.457
1000 seeds weight
(g)
-0.022 0.599 0.074 -0.221 -0.461 0.036
Residual 0.664
23. The improved varieties generally showed good yield performance
than the local ones for most of the traits studied.
The performance of the genotypes was greater under irrigated clay
soil conditions (Shambat site).
The phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than the
genotypic coefficients of variation for all the traits studied.
CONCULSIONS
24. Grain yield/ plant and harvest index showed high values for both
genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, this indicates the
importance of these traits in selection for grain yield improvement.
Very high to moderate heritability estimates were observed for most
of the agronomic traits studied.
High Heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage
of mean were recorded for Grain yield/ hectare, grain yield/plant,
harvest index and dry panicle weight/ plot. These traits can be
useful as selection criteria for yield improvement.
25. The study revealed that the genotypic correlation coefficients were
generally higher than the corresponding phenotypic ones. This
indicates the presence of genetic variability among genotypes for
the agronomic traits studied.
26. The results revealed that grain yield/ plant may be the best indicator
in selection for grain yield improvement, as well as harvest index,
dry panicles weight/ plot, panicle length, number of panicles/ plot
and productive tillers/ plant.
Path coefficient analysis revealed that, among yield components,
panicle length had the highest direct effect on grain yield /plant,
followed by productive tillers/ plant and panicle width.