Evolution of canis lupus familiaris
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•651 views
Final research paper and presentation on the evolution of man's best friend.
Recommended
More Related Content
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Featured
Featured (20)
Evolution of canis lupus familiaris
- 1. Physiological Changes of Dogs By Mechelle Davidson Life Science 230
- 2. Ecology And
Editor's Notes
- Physiology’s objective is to describe the diverse ways in which different animals meet their functional requirements and to provide clarification on evolutionary relationships by comparing characteristics within a species; to provide basis for ecology; to look at specific functions and the way that traits fit circumstances in which they live. Fundamentally implicit by definition to the extent that evolution considers how organisms came to be, how they are today, and how they may be in tomorrows’ future. This presentation will take a look at the way in which physiologists' approach a species, what they are most interested in, and how these correlate with each other. This presentation will dive deeper into the domestication of dog, and their evolutionary characteristics, changing traits, and adaptations that have cemented them into human populations world wide throughout the centuries of historical recordings. This presentation will attempt to help the novice understand the importance of physiological changes, the way in which they have occurred, the evolutionary perspective of this Canis species, and the extreme environmental influences that have intensely assisted in the current adaptation and evolutionary changes within this varying subspecies. While assisting in answering the question of environmental changes directly affecting the species adaptation, or do human populations interactions assist in their evolutionary characteristics, traits, and genotype through the pressures of natural selection. Within this presentation I hope to increase the common persons perspective of what physiology ‘s objective is, and the ways in which humans’ have helped in the evolutionary processes of many species, but non more than that of the domesticated dog.
- Physiologists are those scientists that are most interested in how organisms work, they ask the why of many questions. The understanding of these questions requires an evolutionary perspective. Science has long been aware that organisms that live in extreme environments are especially likely to exhibit examples of clear evolutionary adaptations, due to the pressures presumed intense for selection. This adaptation to the extreme changes and differences within environments serve to help illustrate the extraordinary evolutionary ranges of variances with in species and those possibilities. However, not all features are representative of adaptation to the current environmental conditions arising. Some represent simple inheritance from genetic ancestors. Adaptation has two different ways in which it is used within physiology, the first describes short-term changes to environmental or organism disturbances, and the second is in the genetic and evolutionary sense of traits or features that are apart of the genotype through natural selection. Understanding mechanism will bring help in defining what theoretically is possible for evolution to achieve within any species. The environment and its associated selective regiment imposes constraints on what types of physiological variations will survive and reproduce within populations at an individual level and over long term evolutionary time frame.
- Population genetics help provide complete and accurate pedigrees, few founders that make genetics simpler, establishes both inbred and outbreed animals, provides a good spread of inbreeding coefficients, has large variation in phenotypes, and through cooperative owners and breeders, great interest in genetic health issues can be alleviated. Two major technical advances within the tools provided for population genetics in recent years is, the ability to use DNA material to determine genotypes of large numbers of individuals through the improvement of computers. This has resulted within the last decade, population genetics becoming a most powerful approach to answering the genetics questions. Tools that population genetics uses include pedigrees, DNA, Genotype individual dogs, Phenotypes, anatomy, life span, and litter size. Phenotypes vary, and depending on whether one gene or many genes control them it is possible for varying differences.
- Genetics requires large numbers of individuals for study. Within the plant population this is relatively easy: plants have large families, and they generally stay put, which makes it easier to find them, count them, and categorize them. For dogs this is much different, and when teaching an old dog new tricks it will have its difficulties, and the limitations will somewhat differ for types of approaches that the transmission of genetics original creator Gregor Mendel developed an approach known as population genetics. Two types of genetic differences are representative within population genetics and transmission genetics. Population genetics uses an existing population (with known pedigree), uses genotype individuals (genotype s complex), measures phenotype s, and links genotypes to phenotypes. Where transmission genetics institutes controlled mating to create defined populations, Genotype individuals, Measures Phenotypes, and links genotype to phenotype (finding genes). The necessity of using existing populations is less than ideal and genetically more complex. This imposes the need for studying more individuals when using population genetics instead of transmission genetics. This makes it important to pick from the best population that one can find in order to minimize the number of individuals that is required.
- Although new breeds are created and given breed-recognition statues' frequently, what defines a breed is relatively always the same. There are physical attributes such as color of coat, body shapes and size, leg length and head shape, among others that both dog fanciers and geneticists use. Dog breeds within the United States today generally come from closed breeding populations with little opportunity for introductions of new alleles, or variations in the genome. Looking at the genome level, purebred dogs are usually characterized by reduced levels of genetic heterogeneity compared to other mixed breed dogs. These breeds that derive from small numbers of founders, have experienced population bottlenecks and popular-sir effects. This effect on the breed of a dog who does well in shows producing a disproportionate number of litters, and displays further reductions within genetic heterogeneity. This has brought many laboratory scientists to begin the use of genetic tools like those of markers to help define the concept of each of the variances within dog breeds. Within a dog is the Genotype shown above by the two copies of all but the sex chromosomes (each gene is present in two copies).
- There are as well various Phenotypes such as behaviors which can also characterize dogs or as the anatomy of the dog shown here in the slide. Single gene phenotypes consists of all or nothing, like that of coat color, making genetics simpler. Multi gene phenotypes make genetics more complex, and consists of how much is required or needed for things such as size or behavior, or some diseases like that of diabetes, or canine hip dysplasia (CHD). Genetic rules for single gene phenotypes are simpler and provide a mandolin inheritance with which most scientists are familiar with. Every dog will have two copies of each gene and a phenotype which is possibly recessive (r ) or dominant (D), this depends on whether both chromosomes have the right type of gene like brown, or whether it has enough to have only one copy, making it correct like that of black. The numbers of dogs within the population with these phenotypes is roughly represented by three dominants for every recessive, this dominant type of genes is present in a population in equal numbers. Multi-gene phenotypes are genetically more complex. Providing varieties of genes, on different chromosomes, which combine to produce differences within phenotypes. Phenotypes differs depending on which genes is present, these multi-genes help to determine the how much of, which characteristics of which phenotypes, like that of how big a dog becomes, or how many puppies a litter is, and even possibly in the length of a dogs life span.
- Carnivorous, domesticated wolf of the Canidae family are characterized by long muzzles, large canine teeth, and long tails as specific canine traits. Two characteristics comprise of the dog from all other animal species. The first is a world wide distribution of the species within a extremely close association to that of human populations. The second is the extensive variations that one can find within this subspecies, no other is comparable. The evolution of these multi-numerous variations in breeds for a subspecies is hypothesized to be directly correlated to the influences of human contact with conscious selection abilities, natural evolution, and those of possible mutational genetic distribution through breeding. Throughout the centuries, human populations have been selectively breeding dogs, for specific purposes, traits, behaviors, and characteristics. Domestic dogs is believed to be the most recently evolved species from the Canidae family, descendant from that of the wolf. The wolf appearing in Europe about one million years ago, and later arriving in America some 700,000 years ago. Most domesticated breeds that human populations recognize today are the products of selective breeding by humans over the last 200-300 years. Some of the more common breeds were most likely developed in Europe around the 1800’s, some antiquity breeds however, including the greyhound and the pharaoh hound, science is unclear whether these dogs are recreations of ancient breeds or whether dogs alive today can trace lineage back to founders from the thousands of years ago. Currently there is 155 to 200 recognized breed of variations in domestic dogs.
- “ species represent the product of evolution, where as the process can only be studied within a species, heritability is the most useful piece of information since it is both descriptive and predictive”, (, p.497). As domestication of dogs become cemented within societies populations world wide, there is a greater need for the understanding of what genetic evolutionary changes are influenced directly from human interactions with selective breeding. There is still need for understanding of genetic mutations occurring within domestic dogs, and if these are the direct correlation of natural selection or human populations. These are only a few of the current studies and unanswered questions that owners, breeders, and scientists are collaborating with the goal of studying genetics and help bring causes of genetic disorders under control, help reduce those afflicted, and eventually eradicate the mutation causing diseases to assist in man/woman’s’ best friends evolutionary adaptation of longer and better life spans.
- References American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 900061 Raleigh, NC 27675-9061 http://www.akcchf.org/ The Georgie Project http://www.georgieproject.com/slides/GPslides1.htm Genetics and the Shape of Dogs Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species Elaine A. Ostrander Dog Breeds September-October 2007 Volume 95, Number 5 Page: 406 DOI: 10.1511/2007.67.3724 http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2007/5/genetics-and-the-shape-of-dogs/6 http://genforum.genealogy.com/cgi-bin/picture.cgi/402587890.gif/bmi_orig_img/402587890.gif Dog anatomy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_anatomy "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_dog_breeds&oldid=473795743 Travis, John (2004-05-19). "Breeds Apart: Purebred dogs defined by DNA differences". Science News 165 (21). http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/5053/title/Breeds_Apart_Purebred_dogs_defined_by_DNA_differences. Retrieved 2012-05-01. Petura, Barbara Bradley (2004). "New Breakthrough in Dog Genetics". The Racing Siberian Husky Online & WorkingDogWeb.com. http://www.workingdogweb.com/RSH-2004-2.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-01. Derr, Mark (2004-05-21). "Collie or Pug? Study Finds the Genetic Code". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/21/science/21dog.html?ex=1400472000&en=6b49c839cde80d81&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND. ^ a b c d Parker, H.G.; Kim, L.V.; Sutter, N.B.; Carlson, S.; Lorentzen, T.D.; Malek, T.B.; Johnson, G.S.; DeFrance, H.B.; Ostrander, E.A.; Kruglyak, L. (2004-05-21). "Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog". Science 304 (5674): 1160. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949. http://www.britainhill.com/GeneticStructure.pdf. For Columbia Encyclopedia: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia®. (2005). Retrieved May 3 2012 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For Britannica Encyclopedia: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. (1994-2008). Retrieved May 3 2012 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For Collins Discovery Encyclopedia: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition. (2005). Retrieved May 3 2012 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E. (2003). Retrieved May 3 2012 fromhttp://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. (2003). Retrieved May 3 2012 fromhttp://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For Allusions - Thematic Dictionary: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) Allusions—Cultural, Literary, Biblical, and Historical: A Thematic Dictionary. (2008). Retrieved May 3 2012 fromhttp://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris For The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Canis lupus familiaris. (n.d.) The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. (1970-1979). Retrieved May 3 2012 fromhttp://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Canis+lupus+familiaris