Delinquency dimensions of homelessness in ibadan metropolis oyo state nigeria

Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Multidisciplinary Journal 2 :( 2) 1-19 Lasisi, (2017)
1
DELINQUENCY DIMENSIONS OF HOMELESSNESS IN IBADAN METROPOLIS,
OYO STATE, NIGERIA
LASISI, KAMIL OLURANTI
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING
THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN.
ABSTRACT
This paper is an attempt to synthesize the nexus between homelessness and delinquencies in less
developed nations using Ibadan Metropolis in Nigeria as a case study. Some of the objectives
pursued are to identify the socio-economic status of the residents of the study area, analyze the
various dimensions of delinquencies occasioned by environmental conditions of the study area
that make it attractive to homeless people; and to suggest actionable measures to ameliorate the
problems of homelessness its delinquencies in the study area. The primary source of data was
gathered through direct survey of the area, personal interview, maps and questionnaire
administration to both the residents and the homeless people. A systematic sampling technique
was adopted in the administration of questionnaires to the respondents. Data collected from the
field observation were analyzed using SPSS. The study is anchored on Theory of Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Some of the factors responsible for homelessness
include poverty, peer group influence and lack of parental care. The study revealed that homeless
people engaged in illegal activities such as touting to prostitution and stealing. The study
suggested government intervention, provision of jobs, law enforcement, demolition of illegal
structures and provision of adequate shelter for the homeless to forestall delinquencies.
Keywords: Housing, urbanization, environment, crime, homelessness, poverty and delinquencies

2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
One spectacular feature of contemporary cities is the rate at which they are growing, as the
temporal and spatial patterns of urbanization in all regions bear testimony to this (Egunjobi and
Agbola, 1993). The world’s urban population between 1950 and 1990 has more than tripled from
730 million to 2.3 billion. The United Nations (2003) estimates that between 2000 and 2030, the
number of people living in cities will jump from fewer than 3 billion to approximately 5 billion.
By 2030, this figure is expected to be 60 percent. Invariably the developing world is irreversibly
changing from a world of rural villages to a world of cities and towns (Rabinovitch, 2000). Almost
all the population increase (90%) will be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed regions,
where the population will increase by 2 billion and this will mostly occur in Asia and Africa, with
a projected annual urban population growth rate of 2.4% (UN-Habitat, 2003). Tipping et al. (2007)
posited that Africa is currently experiencing the highest rate of population growth, with a four-fold
increase in urban dwellers anticipated between 1990 and 2020.
A situation in which half the African population will live in urban centres is sure to
constitute a special crisis for development and governance (Babanyara, 2012). In line with this
massive shift has come what Tipping and others (2007) described as rapid urbanization of poverty,
ill-health and densification of slums. The resultant effects of this pressure of urbanization are
overcrowding, homelessness and substandard living environment which impacts negatively on
people’s well-being. The threat of mass homelessness is greatest in those regions where population
is growing fastest. The worse plight of the hundreds of millions of people living in awful shelter
conditions has been recognized globally as one of the major problems confronting mankind.
According to Smith (1970), contemporary understanding shows that a home is both a private
protection from the world and a most convenient insulation. The momentary and intrinsic value of
a house depends not only on the degree of privacy it affords but also on the extent to which it is a
home.
Unfortunately in Nigeria, violence and criminal activities are assuming dangerous
dimensions, as they threaten lives, properties, well-being, peace, security, and social order as well
as reducing the citizens’ quality of life. As the nation becomes increasingly urbanized, the
traditional structures and value system that once served as buffer and restrict criminality have been
severely undermined. In Nigeria, homelessness is recorded to be rampant, with millions of children
living and walking on the streets which are the reasons for many criminal activities in the urban

3
centres of country leading to insecurity of lives and properties. The presence homeless people in
Ibadan are capable of creating conducive environment to criminality and criminal tendencies.
Many shops and shanty buildings in Ibadan are occupied by druggists, prostitutes and men of
questionable characters. Crime statistics reveals that the incidents of violence are assuming a more
dangerous dimension.
The situation is very depressing in Ibadan, where rapid growth of the city forces
impoverished inhabitants to live in overcrowded spaces leading to social conflicts and violence.
This unplanned growth of Ibadan metropolis is aggravated by poor governance, with resultant
consequences of breakdown of traditional value structures and social norms, psychological
disorientation, child abuse, street trading, unemployment and violence. This study, therefore,
examined homelessness based principally on housing situation in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State.
Efforts were made in this study to unravel the causes and problems associated with the
menace of homelessness. To achieve this aim, the objectives pursued are to: identify the socio-
economic status of the residents; analyze the environmental condition of the study area that makes
it attractive to homeless people; assess the contributory factors leading to homelessness and the
rate of criminal activities in the study area, and suggest actionable measures to redress the menace.
The research questions raised by the study are: what makes people homeless? What type of
activities homeless people do? To what extent has their existence contributed to crime rate and
insecurity in their neighbourhood? What are the challenges faced by the law enforcement agents
through the activities of these homeless people?
2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
The early 1970s saw a surge of interest in the possibilities of manipulating the built environment
to prevent delinquency and crime. In this regards, two works were particularly influential namely
C. Ray Jeffery's Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (1971), and Oscar Newman's
Defensible Space (1972).
In Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), Jeffery (1971) suggested
that urban design, including the design of streets, parks, terminals, super highways, etc, could
prevent crimes through manipulating the design of individual dwellings, and their relationship to

4
one another and to the surrounding neighbourhood. This process is called Crime Prevention
Through Environmental Design - CPTED. Atlas (1997) asserted that there is a need for a
community to create barriers in some circumstances. The police cannot singularly provide all the
solutions to property crimes, householders and communities must learn to engage in community
policing. When there is social breakdown in a place, barricades, road closures, and guard-gates
have a function, if limited. One of the tenets of defensible space theory is that the physical
environment can create perceived zones of territorial influences (Newman, 1972). Newman
suggested that certain environmental features tend to encourage residents to exercise territorial
control, thereby reducing the opportunity for, and fear of crime.
Atlas and Le Blanc (1997) opined that CPTED offers the promise of greatly enhanced and
more realistic preventive strategies. It equally offers the possibility of a new approach for
community-building that strikes to the heart of what CPTED is really all about. An urban area
requires an activity support system that can help the physical design in creating an appropriate
defensible space. The underground economy in the ghetto, with its tenuous ties to legal institutions
and its need for secrecy, provides a amiable environment for criminal activity. Criminologists are
becoming increasingly aware of the significant role that location plays in crime occurrences.
However, the relationship between crime and the physical environment is complex. The physical
form of an area, including natural features and the design of the built environment, have significant
impacts on local communities and on crime in those communities. Considering physical
characteristics, it is important to note that environment oftentimes determines human behaviour.
Using burglary as an example, most offenders will only commit a crime if they are certain that
residents are not at home or are familiar with the chosen area and do not think that other neighbours
will notice them or intervene in their operation.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Various studies and research works have revealed the diverse linkages between
homelessness and crime. According to Larry (2007), homeless people are the authors of their own
misfortunes due to their irresponsible behaviour. This school of thought presented homeless people
as part of a precarious under class with criminal tendencies which portends a threat to the safety
of properties, the respectability of neighbourhood and stability of society. Robert et al (1925)
asserted that homelessness is bad for the society. He explained further that many people feel

5
intimidated by rough sleepers, beggars and street drunkards while rough sleeping can blight areas
and damage business and tourism. Homelessness brings challenges of insecurity, ill health and
physical deprivation. Many of the homeless seek relief in drugs for thrill and excitement..
Homeless people lack financial resources to lead a normal social life, and committing other crime
is seen as a way of relieving boredom.
Baron and Hertnagel (2009) argued that street culture and lifestyles are inherently violent.
Homeless is a critical social urban conflict issue. It is condition and social category of people
without a regular house or dwelling because they cannot afford what they desire, otherwise unable
to maintain regular, safe and adequate housing; or lack "fixed regular and adequate night time
residence" (United State Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2008).
Many homeless people keep all their possession with them because they have no access to
storage. These people always move around with all their belongings because they have no place
to store them. They have no access to adequate shelter, bathing, toilets and laundry facilities. This
again created social tensions in public places. By way of extension, homelessness can be equally
linked with crime. This is what this study intend to probe.
How an area is built socially will also have an effect on crime because, as Bottoms et al
(2009) commented, “communities, like individuals, can have careers in crime”. The socio-
economic status and demography of an area are particularly important, but their relationships to
crime are non-trivial. For example burglaries occur more in areas with high socio-economic status
and in particular when those areas are close to areas with high offender rates. Violent crime, are
often associated with areas of high unemployment and low socio-economic status. Social cohesion
also has extremely important relationship with crime.
2.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study made use of both primary and secondary data. The primary source of data was
gathered through direct survey of the area, personal interview and administration of questionnaires
to both the residents and the homeless people. The secondary data includes review of relevant
journals, books, published articles, police record book as well as available information from
National Population Commission. The study area has a total number of 30,475 buildings (Oyo
State Valuation Office, 2011). Being an urban settlement, it is observed that no significant increase
in housing development has taken place in the last 5 years. The study area is fully colonized

6
without noticeable vacant plots. 10% of the total number of buildings was therefore taken as the
sample size. This represents 305 buildings.
The target group interviewed in each building was the landlord or where the landlord was
not available the head of a household in the building was considered. However in the absence of
any of the earlier mentioned people, any other adult person was considered in such a building.
However, there is no organized data source where sample frame for homeless people could be
drawn. Therefore, any 75 homeless people cited at random were considered for the purpose of
questionnaire administration. Necessary data on homelessness, their plight, autobiography and
factors responsible for the situation were the crux of this second set of questionnaire.
Two sets of questionnaires were designed for this study. One set for the residents and the
second set for the homeless. A systematic sampling technique was adopted in the administration
of questionnaires to the residents where buildings were selected at nth
internal. That is at interval
of 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71…….30, 475. Random sampling technique was adopted to
administer questionnaire to homeless people, since the population is not static. All data collected
from the field observation were subjected to statistical analysis such as Pearson Product Moment
Correlation, Regression and Analysis of Variance using Statistical Package For Social Sciences
(SPSS). The results were presented in tables, graphs and charts.
3.0 THE STUDY AREA
Ibadan, the second largest city in Africa was founded in 1829. The present name of Ibadan
was derived from the original name of “Eba-Odan” which means near the grass land. The City of
Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria. It is the capital of Oyo State, and is reputed to be the
largest indigenous city in Africa, south of the Sahara. Ibadan is located about Latitude 70
251
North
and Longitude 30
51
East, approximately 145 kilometres North of Lagos.
In terms of demographic growth, Ibadan experienced geometrical increase between 1851
and 1921. By 1856 the population was estimated at 60,000 which rose to over 200,000 in 1890,
238,094 in 1921, and 386,359 in 1931 (Mabogunje,1968). The 1991 census in Nigeria puts the
population at 1,222,570 (Ayeni, 1994) with a density of 475.11 persons per square kilometres
(Ogunsesan, 2011). Its population is estimated to be about 2,550,593 according to 2006 estimates
by the National Population Commission. Its projected population by 2012 using 3.5% growth rate
is 3,232,520.

7
The city is built on a number of valleys and hills with steep slopes which often aid run-off
water after heavy downpour and cause flooding along the narrow river valleys. The general
elevation of the city ranges between 150 metres and 275 metres above sea level. Rocks found in
Ibadan comprise of sedimentary rocks of craterous age as obtainedin the South-West part of the
country (Lasisi, 1997). Two major rivers drain the area occupied by Ibadan. These are the Ogunpa
and the Ona Rivers. The Ogun River drains the eastern part while the Ona River drains the western
part. While rising in the north-eastern section of the area, the Ogunpa flows south-eastwards
breaking through the central ridge before turning south along a course (that is parallel) to the ridge.
The western part of the city, which consists of the newer suburb is drained by River Ona and its
numerous tributaries including Alalubosa, Yemoja and Osun stream.
Ibadan metropolis has a mean monthly temperature of 28°C. It enjoys the dust laiden winds
called Hamattan which blows from Sahara desert toward the Atlantic Oceanbetween November
and February. This period however marks the dry season. The West African Monsoonal climate
characterize shift in wind pattern between March and October. This period is followed by the
raining season of March +15 days to October + 15 days for the beginning and end of raining season
respectively. The relative humidity during the raining season is regularly high over 95% at 6:00am
and over 75% at noon. Ibadan has over 150cm of rainfall per annum, with double maxima of
rainfall. The rainfall concentration is between June and September. However, no month has less
than 25cm of rainfall.
Table 4.5: Rainfall and Temperature of Ibadan
Feature 2007 2008 2002 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Annual rainfall in mm 7384.3 1260.1 1140.1 16731 1390.9 1104.9 913.2 12521
Average Temp, in J
C 28 [28 28 28 28 28 28 28
Source: Dept. of Meteorological survey. Federal Ministry of Transport, 2014

8
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.1 Analysis of Findings with Residents
5.1.1 Occupancy Rate
Table 5.1: Average Number of People per Room
No. Per Room Frequency Percentage
1-3 202 66.29
4-6 74 24.20
7-10 22 7.24
11-14 7 2.26
Total 305 100.00
Source: Authors’ Fieldwork, 2014
The study area is a medium density zone. The study reveals that 66.29% of the residents
interviewed had 1-3 people per room. Those respondents that had an average of 4-6 persons were
24.2%. This therefore calls for planning attention so as to prevents human congestion and stress
on housing facilities (see table 5.1).
5.1.2 Building Types in the Study Area
Table 5.2: Types of Building
Types of Building Frequency Percentage
Traditional Compound 17 5.44
Tenement Bungalow 175 57.24
Tenement Story Building 37 12.22
Flat Bungalow 61 20.16
Flat Story Building 15 4.98
Total 305 100.00
Source: Authors’ fieldwork, 2014

9
The field observation reveals that the predominant type of building in Ibadan metropolis
was tenement bungalow as accounted for 57.24% while flat bungalow accounted for 20.16%. (See
table 5.2)
5.1.3 Building Conditions in the study Area
Table 5.3: Building Conditions
Condition Frequency Percentage
Very good 16 5.20
Good 34 11.14
Fair 119 39.07
Poor 136 44.59
Total 305 100.00
Table 5.3 represents the building conditions in the study area as observed by the
respondents. 11.14% of the buildings were good while 39.07% were considered fair.
5.1.4 Factors Responsible For Homelessness
Table 5.4: Factors Responsible for Homelessness
Factors Frequency Percentage
Lack of Education 63 20.58
Peer group influence 144 47.07
Lack of parental care 98 32.35
Total 305 100.00
Various factors were given by the respondents as accountable for homelessness. These
include poverty, peer group influence and lack of parental care. Peer group influence accounted
for 47.07%.The inference from this is that if peer group influence can be curtailed by parents, it
will go a long way to curb homelessness among youths (see table 5.4).

10
5.1.5 Types of Activities Homeless People Engaged In
Table 5.5: Types of Activities Homeless People Engaged In
Activities Frequency Percentage
Prostitution 30 9.72
Criminal activities 268 87.79
Touting 7 2.48
Total 305 100.00
Table 5.5 shows that the predominant activities homeless people engaged in are criminal
activities, as respondents from the study area that subscribed to this assertion accounted for
87.79%. This implies that homeless people are criminals as there is no place to trace their root in
the society.
5.1.6 Homeless People As A Threat to Neighbourhood
Table 5.6:Homeless People being threat to Neighbourhood
Response Frequency Percentage
Agreed 275 90.05
Not Agreed 30 9.95
Total 305 100.00
Virtually all the people interviewed during the fieldwork unanimously (90.05%) agreed
that homeless people are threat to their neighbourhood. Only (9.95%) of the respondents were
indifferent to this assertion. Invariably, the study has revealed that homeless are potential threat to
safety of human lives and properties especially within their immediate neighbourhood. Table 5.6
confirms this assertion.

11
5.1.7 Perceived Threats Constituted
Table 5.7: Perceived Threats Constituted
Perceived Threats Frequency Percentage
Crime 149 48.85
Insecurity 39 12.78
Social disorder 109 35.73
Disease prevalence 08 2.64
Total 305 100.00
Table 5.7 reveals that 12.78% of the respondents in the study area considered socio-
disorder as the perceived threat constituted by homelessness. The greater form of perceived threat
to lives and properties in the study area was crime, as this accounted for 48.85. Other respondents
were of the opinions that homeless people are prostitutes; hence they are capable of spreading
venereal diseases such as gonorrhea, sivilies, AID/HIV among others.
5.1.8 Rate of Criminal Activities within the Study Area
Table 5.8: Rate of Criminal Activities within the Study Area
Method Frequency Percentage (%)
Very high 24 7.8
High 127 41.5
Moderate 54 17.7
Low 70 23.3
Occasional 30 9.7
Total 305 100:00

12
As a crux of the study, table 5.8 reveals that criminal activities is high within the study area
and as represented by 41.5% affirmative response from the residents. Those respondents that
agreed that criminal activities were low and occasional represented 23.3% and 9.7% respectively.
One can therefore infer from this study that there is a nexus between homelessness and crime
within the study area.
5.1.9 Extent to Which Homelessness Can Contribute to Crime
Table 5.9: Homelessness Contribution To Crime
Extent Frequency Percentage
A large extent 107 35.07
Minimal 118 38.69
Little extent 80 26.24
Total 305 100.00
Table 5.9 shows that there were divergent views on the extent to which homelessness can
contribute to crime in the study area. 35.07% of the respondents believed that homelessness can
contribute to crime by a large extent while those that believe that its contribution to crime is
minimal accounted for 38.69%. But significant to note is the fact that homelessness has linkage
with crime.
5.1.10 How Homeless People Spend Their Day Time
Table 5.10: Where Homeless People Spend Their Day Time
Location Frequency Percentage
On the street 86 28.05
In the hideout 212 69.47
Brothel 8 2.48
Total 305 100.00
The field observation reveals that 69.47% of the respondents opined that homeless people
spend their daytime in hideouts while 28.05% stated that homeless people spend their day time on

13
the street 63.8% of the respondents were of the opinion that homeless people spend their night
time on the streets as they have nowhere to sleep as home. 33.7% opined that homeless stay in
their hide-out at night while only 2.4% of the respondents believed that brothel is the place for
homeless people at night.
5.1.11 People Affected By Homelessness
Table 5.11: People Affected By Homelessness
Response Frequency Percentage
Non-indigenes 15 4.98
Jobless 254 83.35
Prostitutes 36 11.76
Total 305 100.00
The study showcases various categories of people affected by homelessness. There is
spatial correlation in class of people affected by homelessness. They include non-indigenes, the
jobless and the prostitutes. The predominantly affected people in the study area are the jobless.
5.1.12 Rate of Criminal Activities within the Study Area
Table 5.12: Rate of Criminal Activities within The Study Area
Rate Frequency Percentage
Very high 23 7.69
High 126 41.09
Moderate 54 17.87
Low 72 23.53
Occasional 29 9.50
Total 305 100.00

14
Table 5.12 indicates that 41.09% of the residents concurred that criminal activities within the study
area are high.
5.1.13 Measures To Ameliorate Homelessness in the Study Area
Table 5.13: Measures To Ameliorate Homelessness in Our Society
Measures Frequency Percentage (%)
Government intervention 135 44.34
Provision of jobs 107 13.29
Law Enforcement 31 10.18
Provision adequate shelter
for the homeless people
16 5.24
Demolition of illegal
structure used as hideout
16 4.98
Total 305 100.0
Various measures were suggested by respondents as remedies to ameliorate homelessness.
44.34% of the respondents opted for government intervention as panacea to homelessness while
13.29% agreed that provision of jobs is the only solution to homelessness. Those that clamoured
for radical approach of demolition of illegal structures used as hide-outs by homeless people
accounted for only 4.8%. (see table 5.13).

15
5.2 Analysis of Findings with the Homeless People
5.2.1 Location of Business
Table 5.14: Location of Business
Location Frequency Percentage (%)
Along the street 28 37.3
Market 33 44.0
Others 14 18.7
Total 75 100.0
Table 5.14 showcases location of business of the homeless people that were interviewed.
44% of the respondents claimed that they used Ibadan as their business location while 37.3%
claimed that they do their business along the street. 18.7% had no specific location of business as
they used telephones and other means to relate with their customers.
5.2.2 Factors Responsible For Homelessness
Table 5.15: Factors Responsible For Homelessness
Factors Frequency Percentage (%)
Poverty 14 18.7
Peer group influence 37 49.3
Lack of parental care 24 32.0
Total 75 100.0
Table 5.15 reveals various reasons adduced by homeless people as responsible for their plight.
49.3% of them concurred that they were influence by peer group while 18.7% claimed the fault on
poverty. Lack of proper parental care however accounted for 32%.

16
5.2.3 Measures to Ameliorate Homelessness In Nigeria
Table 5.16: Measures to Ameliorate Homelessness In Our Society
Measures Frequency Percentage (%)
Government intervention 33 44.34
Provision of job 10 13.29
Law enforcement 8 10.18
Demolition of illegal structures used as hide out 4 4.98
Provision of adequate shelter for the homeless people 20 27.21
Total 75 100.00
The homeless people that were interviewed proposed various measures to ameliorate
homelessness in our society. 44.34% of the respondents clamoured for government intervention
while 13.29% advocated for provision of jobs as panaceas to the menace of homeless in the study
area. Other interventions to ameliorate homelessness in our society include law enforcement
(10.18%), demolition of illegal structure (4.98%) and provision of adequate shelter for the
homeless people (27.21.%). It is assumed that if all there measures are implemented, it will go a
long way to reduce homelessness in our society (table 5.16).
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
i. Sustenance of political will of Government should be vigorously pursued in such a way
that changes in government should not have negative effect on housing right and
development in the country.
ii. The use of locally produced building materials should be inculcated in the country by the
establishment of the industry in the country and creation of enabling environment for such
industry to thrive not that but also enforcing the use of such local building materials
improving housing stock.

17
iii. The land use Decree of 1978 should be amended in such a way that land will be readily
made available and accessible to developers both in urban and rural centres.
iv. The mortgage bank and other financial institution should relax their pre-requisite for loan
and also reduce the lending and banking rate so as to make housing loan to be accessible
to all especially the low income earners.
v. The Federal Ministry of Housing and Urban Development that was scrapped by the
government on December, 2008 should be reconstituted so as to be performing its
numerous housing functions as it was before.
vi. Provision of sites and services schemes for housing should not be allocated on the basis of
political patronage. Also the adequate infrastructural facilities and services should be
rightly provided within the site.
vii. In line with the above statement, government should also organize training and retraining
workshop, seminars and conferences for the indigenous builders to make them adapt to the
current changes in Housing industry.
viii. The Polytechnic, Monotechnic, Vocational centre. Technical schools should be adequately
funded by the government and an enabling with attracting environment should also be
created so as encourage and attract people to come and learn the artisan work or
apprenticeship work in Housing construction industry. So that there will be enough
manpower for construction industry.
6.2 CONCLUSION
The paper examined homelessness and the danger posed to lives and properties in Ibadan
metropolis. The conclusion therefore is that an efficient and adequate planning strategy is required.
It is hoped that this study will go a long way to proffer solution to the menace of homelessness
thereby curbing delinquencies within the study area.

18
REFERENCES
Aderinto, A.A., Nwokocha, E.E, Bankole, A.O., Obemeata, A.A. (2006): Domestic Violence
Against Women in Nigeria: An investigation in Delta and Edo State; Ibadan Journal of the
Social Science, Volume 4, No 1, March Pp. 61-75.
Anifowoshe, O. (2003):'One More Step in the Dark towards Midnsight'.In Bash, A. Olasupo
(ed., Electoral Violence in Nigeria: Issue and Perspectives. Frankad Publishers, Somolu,
Lagos, Pp. 23-30.
Baeninger, R. (1999): Targets of Violence and Aggression .Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
pp 1991.
Brantingham, P. (1984): Pattern in Crime, Macmillan Publishing Company, Beverly Hills.
Brantingham, P.J. and Jeffery, C. R. (1981): Afterword: Crime, Space and Crimological Theory.
In P.J. Brantingham and P.L. Brantingham (eds.) Environmental Criminology. Saga
Publications, Beverly Hills.
Clark, R.V., and Cornish, D.B. (1985): Modelling Offender's decision: A framework for
police and research. In M. Tonry and N. Morris (Eds.) Crime and Justice: An annual
review of research: Vol. 6. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
Egunjobi, L. and I. Agbola 1993. Introduction. In: Agbola S.B. and L. Egunjobi eds
Environmental Health and the Potential of the Healthy City Approach in Nigeria.
Proceedings of the First Healthy City Conference in Nigeria, 14TH
– 16TH
June, 1993
Faleti, S.A., (2007):Theories of Social Conflict'. In shedrack, Gaya best (ed). Introduction
to Peace and Conflict studies in West Africa, Reader Spectrum Books Limited,
Ibadan Pp 35-60.
Funk, J. and Wagnals, G. (1965): New Standard dictionary of the English Language. Funk
and Wagnals company, Inc. New York, Pp 1250.
Harries, K., Stadler, S. and Zodorkonski, T. (1984):'Sensuality and Assault Exploration
in Inter-neighborhoods Variation'.Dallas, Journals of the Association of American
Geographers, Vol. 74, No. 4.

19
Isom,M.D.(1998): The social Learning Theory',http: / www/ mhcolleag/ socsciencdcomm.
/ bandur. s.mhtml. Accessed February, 18. 2015
Kilanko, A.O.E. (2002): An Appraisal of Small Scale Industries on Per-Urban Economy, (A case
study of Egbeda Local Government Area) Unpublished Dissertation
Klein, R.C.A. (1998): Mulit-disciplinary perspectives on family violence.Routledge,
London. Oloide, T.O. )2005). 'An Appraisal of Inter-relationshbipbetween Housing
Kutting G 2003 Globalization, poverty and the environment in West Africa: too poor to pollute?
Global Environmental Politics 3 42–60
Olutayo, A.O. (2007): 'Sociology in Housing'. In Agbola, tuned, EgunjobiLayi, Olatubarac.O.,
leds). Housing Development and Management: A Book of Reading, Department of
Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan.
Otokola, O.(1997): Profile of theUrban Local Governments of Ibadan, Published by Inter
Printers Limited,Ibadan
Otokola, O. (2002):Assessment of Recreation and Entertainment Facilities in Ibadan:
A case study of Ibadan North Local Government(Unpublished) HND Dissertation
of The Polytechnic Ibadan.OyoState Government
Rabinovitch, J. 2000. From Urban Management to Urban Governance: Towards a Strategy for the
New Millennium, City Development Strategy Initiatives SDSI), pp. 22-25.
UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements) 1996.An Urbanizing World: Global
Report on Human Settlements, Oxford: Oxford University Press)
United Nations - Habitat, (2007): Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. A Global
Report on Human Settlements, London.
UN- HABITAT 2009). “The State of African Cities, Nairobi, Kenya
UN-HABITAT 2010), Housing as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction in Ghana and Kenya, retrieved
from http://www.unhabitat.org/'housing/pub) on 6th
January, 2016 Unpublished Ph.D.,
University of Florida, United States – Florida.

Delinquency dimensions of homelessness in ibadan metropolis oyo state nigeria

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (8)

Similar to Delinquency dimensions of homelessness in ibadan metropolis oyo state nigeria

Similar to Delinquency dimensions of homelessness in ibadan metropolis oyo state nigeria (20)

More from Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria

More from Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Delinquency dimensions of homelessness in ibadan metropolis oyo state nigeria