8. Globalization
• Manfred Stager
• Process as Expansion and
Intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world
time and across work-space.
• Expansion
• Multiplication of existing
connections that cut across
traditional political, economic,
cultural and geographic
boundaries
• Social Media
• Global Connection
• NGO
• Networks that connect specific group e.g.
global social advocates and activists
2
9. Globalization
Intensification
• Refers to the expansion, stretching
and acceleration of networks
• Connections are multiplying,
becoming more closely-knit and
expanding their reach
• E.g. Strong financial market
between London and New York,
advent of electronic trading, volume
of electronic trade increase thus the
world becomes financially
integrated
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11. Globalization
Arjun Appadurai
Anthropologist who proposed that kinds of
globalization occur on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration
Ethnoscape
• Global movement of people
Mediascape
• Flow of culture
Technoscape
• Circulation of mechanical goods and software
Financescape
• Global Circulation of Money
Ideoscape
• Realm where political ideas move around
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13. Economic Globalization
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
Economic Globalization
• International Monetary Fund:
Historical process representing the
result of human innovation and
technological progress
• Characteristic: Increasing
integration of economies around
the world through the movement of
goods, services and capital across
borders
• GDP Trade: From 42.1% in 1980
to 62.1% in 2007
• Mode: From Physical Matter to
Downloadable Data E.g. Books to E-
books and CDs to iTunes
6
14. Economic Globalization
• International Trading System
Silk Road
• Oldest known international
trade route
• From China through Middle East
to Europe
• Opened by Han dynasty in 130
BC until closed by Ottoman
empire in 1453 AD
• International only but not
Global since it did not reach
America
Gold
• Common basis for currency
prices and fixed exchange rate
system led by Europe and US at
the International Money
Conference in 1867 Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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15. Economic Globalization
Bretton Wood System
• Inaugurated in 1944 during the UN
Monetary and Financial Conference
• Aim is to prevent past financial
catastrophes (Usually brought by wars)
from reoccurring and affecting
international ties.
John Maynard Keynes
• Influenced Bretton Wood System
• Believed that economic crisis occur
not when a country does not have
enough money, but when is not being
spent and, thereby, not moving
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Contemporary World
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16. Economic Globalization
Bretton Wood System
• Created financial institutions:
• World Bank or International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
• Reconstruct War and devastated world
cities
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Global Lender to prevent countries from
credit crises
Global Keynesianism
• Role of governments in managing
spending
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
• Created in 1947 with the purpose of
reducing tariffs and other hindrance
to free trade
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
17. Global Politics
International Relations
• Jeremy Bentham
• British Philosopher in 1780
• Coined the word "International"
• Political interactions between states
World Politics
• Key Attributes
• Countries/ States are Independent
• Countries/ States interact with each
other with diplomacy
• United Nations (UN) facilitates these
interactions
• UN has agencies e.g. World Health
Organization (WHO), World Food
Organization (WFO) and International
Labor Organization (ILO)
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18. Global Politics
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
STATE
• Country and its government
• Attributes
• Territory
• Sovereign over its territory
• Internal Sovereignty
• Laws abided by International
Organizations operating inside the
State
• External Sovereignty
• Independent from intervention
from other state
• Government
• Authority over its citizens
11
19. Nation
• Benedict Anderson:
Imagined Community
i.e. feeling of
connection with
community even he
will not meet them in
his lifetime
• E.g. Filipino
cheering for Manny
Pacquiao even he
do not personally
know the Filipino
Athlete
• E.g. Bangsamoro is
a nation seeking to
become a state
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Global Politics
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
20. Global Politics
Metternich System
• Named after Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Diplomat
• Architect of Metternich System to counter Napoleon
Bonaparte
• Restored the "Great powers"
Great Powers
• United Kingdom, China, Russia, France and United
State
• Still hold significant influence over world politics
Internationalism
• Interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states
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22. Global Governance
• International Organization
• Powers:
• Classification
• E.g. Classifying Refugees
(Foreign, Alien,
Immigrants etc.)
• Fix Meanings
• E.g. Security as Safety
from Military Violence
and Environmental Harm
• Diffuse Norms
• Norms are accepted
codes of conduct that
may be strict law and
produce regularity in
behavior
• Establishing Global
Standards of Norms
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
23. Global Governance
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
International Organization
• United Nations
• Most important International Organization
• Created after World War II
• Primary Goal is to avert another global war
• Has 193 Member States
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Main deliberative Policymaking and
representative organ
• Decides on most important questions e.g.
peace and security, admission of new
members and budgetary matters
• Require 2/3 of the members to decide
15
24. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• General Assembly (GA)
• Elects GA President
annually for 1 term of office
• Carlos P. Romulo (President,
GA, 1949-1950)
• Security Council
• Most Powerful Organ
• Consist of 15 Member States
(10 Elected by GA for 2-year Term
and the other is known as the
Permanent 5 (China,
France, Russia, UK and US)
which is permanent from
the founding of UN and
cannot be replaced through
election
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25. Global Governance
• International Organization
• United Nations
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
Five Organs:
• Security Council
• Takes the lead in determining the existence
of threat to the peace or an act of aggression
• Calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle
the act by peaceful means and recommends
methods of adjustment or terms of
settlement
• Can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorizing the use of force to maintain or
restore international peace and security
• Permanent 5 (P5) member has veto power
to stop a Security Council action dead in its
tracts. Hence P5 is heir to the tradition of
great power di lc macy of Metternich System
26. Global Governance
International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
• Principal Body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and
recommendations on social and
environmental issues as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
development goals
• Has 54 States Members elected for 3-year
terms.
• Central platform for discussion on
sustainable development
• International Court of Justice
• Task is to settle, in accordance to
international law, legal disputes submitted
to it by states and to give advisory
opinions
• Different from International Criminal
Court
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27. Global Governance
International Organization
• United Nations
• Five Organs:
• Secretariat
• Consist of Secretary General and
10,000 international UN Staff
members "intlMIIH
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28. Global Governance
International Organization
• United Nations
• Salvador P. Lopez
• Filipino
• Chairman, UN Commission on
Human Rights
• Designed the system whereby
any citizen of any state may
petition the UN to look into
human rights violations in a
country
• Limitations:
• UN is not a World Government
• Function because of
voluntary cooperation from
states e.g. rapporteurs
must be invited and placed
under conditions by the
state being investigated
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29. World of Regions
Governments, Associations,
Societies, Groups
• Form regional organizations or
networks as way of coping with
the challenges of globalization
• E.g. Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Member countries: Brunei,
Cambodia, Lao, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam,
Regions
• Not natural
• Constructed and defined
by policymakers
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30. World of Regions
Regions
• Edward D. Mansfield and
Helen V. Milner: A group of
countries located in the same
geographically specified area
Regionalization
• Regional concentration of
economic flaws
Regionalism
• Political process characterize
by economic policy cooperation
and coordination among countries
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31. World of Regions
China
• Large country, have
enough resources, offers its
cheap and huge workforce
to attract foreign businesses
and expand trade with
countries it once considered
its enemies (US, Japan) but
now sees as markets for its
goods
Singapore and Switzerland
• Compensate for their lack
of resources by turning their
themselves into financial
and banking hubs
Assets
managed for
non-residents,
2014
Number of
private
banks in
Switzerland
Source: FT
research
Photo:
Dreamstime
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Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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32. World of Regions
Singapore
• Developed its harbor facilities
and made them a first class transit
port for ships carrying different
commodities from Africa, Europe,
Middle East, Southeast Asia and
Asia-Pacific
Regional Associations
• Purpose
• Military Defense e.g. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed during the Cold War when
several Western European
countries plus the United States
agreed to protect Europe against
the treat of Soviet Union
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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33. World of Regions
Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
• Members: Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia and
Venezuela
• Established in 1960
• Member countries
pool their resources,
get better return for
their exports and
expand their
leverage against
their trading
partners
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
34. World of Regions
• Non-aligned Movement (NAM)
• Members: Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia
and Yugoslavia
• Established in 1961
• Member countries form regional blocks to
protect their independence from pressures of
superpower politics
• Created to pursue world peace,
international cooperation, human rights,
national sovereignty, racial and national
inequality, non-intervention and peaceful
conflict resolution
• Called "non-aligned" because of refusal to
side with either the First World capitalist
democracies in Western Europe and North
America or the communist states in Eastern
Europe
• Members today: 120 countries
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
26
35. World of Regions
Non-State Regionalism
• Rainforest Foundation
• Established by activists to protect
indigenous peoples and rainforests in
Brazil, Guyana, Panama and Peru
• Regional Interfaith Youth Networks
• Formed by youth Christians across
Asia, Africa, Middle East, America and
Caribbean
• Migrant Forum in Asia
• Network of NGOs and trade unions
committed in protecting and promoting
the rights and welfare of migrant
workers
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1
1
.
36. Media and Globalization
• Media
• Jack Lule: Conveying something such as
channel of communication
• Plural of medium (In between)
• Marshall McLuhan: Media (Referring on
television since he wrote this in 1960)
reshape social behavior and reorient family
behavior. Media are turning the world into a
"global village."
• Hello Kitty
• Proof of Japan's influence over global
culture
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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37. Global City
• Globalization
• Spatial because it occurs in physical
spaces e.g. Skyscrapers
• People in urban areas: 30% in 1950
to 54% in 2014 and expected to reach
66% in 2050
• Global City
• Saskia Sassen
• Sociologist
• Popularized "global city" in 1990s
• Criteria of Global City: Primarily
Economic
• Global Cities: New York, London and
Tokyo
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38. Global City
Stock Exchange
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in
New York, USA
• Financial Times Stock Exchange
(FTSE) in London, UK
• Nikkei in Tokyo, Japan
• Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE)
Shanghai, China
• Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) in
Manila, Philippines
Money Trading Comparison
• NYSE - $ 19,300 B
• PSE -$ 231.3 B
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39. I City
• Global City Attributes
• Economic power
• Market Size (Number of traders)
• Purchasing power of citizens
• Size of middle class (businessmen)
• Center of Authority (Capital cities)
• Shanghai
• Worlds busiest container port with over 33 Million
container units moved in 2013
• Singapore (City, Island and Country)
• Asia's most competitive city
• Strong market
• Efficient and incorruptible government
• Livability
• Houses regional offices of many global corporations
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
31
40. Global City
• Global City Attributes
• Political Influence
• Washington D.C.
• Seat of American state of
power
• Brussels, Belgium
• Headquarters of European
Union
• New York
• Headquarters of United
Nations
• Jakarta, Indonesia
• Headquarters of ASEAN
• Frankfurt, Germany
• European Central Bank
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
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41. Global City
Global City Attributes
• Higher learning and culture
• New York
• New York Times Newspaper
• Boston
• Harvard University
• Los Angeles
• Hollywood
• San Francisco
• Headquarters of Facebook, Twitter and Google
• Copenhagen, Denmark
• Culinary capital of the world
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
33
42. Global City
Gentrification
• Driving out of the poor in favor of
newer and wealthier residents
Banlieue
• Poor Muslim migrants are forced
out of Paris and have clustered
around ethnic enclaves in France
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1 i-;Si'FF™ ....... . .
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mi * *»■,
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
34
43. Movement andSustainability
• Global Demography
• Number of children
• Rural and Poor Urban
• Tend to have more children for farming (Crop
cultivation, planting harvesting) and hawk their
wares on streets
• Urbanized, educated and professionals
• Tend to have fewer children
• Tied down or committed to profession
• Lesser time to devote to kids and parenting
• Saving plans on healthcare and education of
children
• Have more access to birth control
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
35
44. • Food
• Eaten that satisfies
appetite in order to
meet physiological
needs for growth,
maintaining body
processes and
supply energy to
maintain body heat
and activities
• One of the most
crucial needs of
human beings
• People cannot live
and survive without
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Food
' '*a
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
45. Food
Functions of Food
• Maintains
physiological process
by giving sustenance
to the body
• Symbolic
experience and
representation
• Continuum life
for the human
species
• Shape national
boundaries and
identities
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
37
46. Food
Pillars of Food
Security
• Food
Availability
•
Sufficient
and
consisten
t
quantities
• Food
Access
• Enough
resources
to obtain
• Food Use
•
Nutrition
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
38
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47. Global Migration
• Migration
• Movement of people from one place to another
• Domestic/ Internal Migration
• Within Country
• Foreign/ International Migration
• Outside Country
• Immigrants
• Permanently moved to another country
• Workers in fixed period
• E.g. 6 months
• Illegal Immigrants
• Alien
• Petitioned Migrants
• By families
• Refugees
• Asylum
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
39
48. Global Migration
• Migration
• Emigration
• Going-out of Country
• Immigration
• Coming-in of Country
• Migrants
• 247 Million as of 2018
• 90% Workers
• 10% Asylee
• 18% from Latin America
• 16% from Eastern Europe and
Central Asia
• 14% from Middle East and North Africa
• Destination: Europe, Middle East
and United States
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
40
49. Global Migration
• Remittance
• $ 580 B in 2014
• India ($ 70 B)
• China ($ 62 B)
• Philippines ($ 28 B)
• Mexico ($ 25 B)
• Brain Drain
• 52% of Filipino college graduate
migrated
• 23% of Filipino population
• White/Blue Collar change
• From Doctors, Engineers and
Managers to Industrial and Domestic
Works
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
41
50. Activity
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
Topic
• Migration
Situation
• As an OFW
Instruction
• Discussion
• Cite an OFW (Family,
Relatives, Friends, Neighbor, et
al)
Question
• What changed in their house,
dress, vehicles?
• How are people cope with
frequent departure and arrival?
• What changed happened to
migrant in the way they dress,
51. Global Migration
Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
Human
Trafficking
• 3rd largest global
crime in 2012
according to FBI
• Victims of
Forced Labor (21 M
people) equivalent
to 3 of every 1000
person worldwide
• Sexually abused
(22% or 4.5 M
person)
2/14/2021 6:14:10 PM 43
52. • It Is Finished!
Consumatum Est
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Contemporary World
Prof. Sam Bernales, Jr.
44
53. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Published in the Republic
of the Philippines.
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K
Prof. Sam
