Corona-virus infection disease 2019 (Discovery, introduction, incubation period, symptoms, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, origin and reservoir, prevention, treatment and some references).

1. Coronavirus infection disease
2019
(COID-19)
Presentation
By
Marwa A. Al-Asady

2. Coronaviruses
 Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases
in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract
infections that can be mild, such as some cases of the common cold (among
other possible causes, predominantly rhinoviruses), and others that can be lethal,
such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
 The name coronavirus is derived from the Latin corona, meaning "crown" or
"halo", which refers to the characteristic appearance reminiscent of a crown or
a solar corona around the virions (virus particles) when viewed under two-
dimensional transmission electron microscopy, due to the surface being covered
in club-shaped protein spikes.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

3. Coronaviruses
 Coronaviruses constitute the
• Sub-family:- Orthocoronavirinae
• Family:- Coronavirdea
• Order:- Nidovirales
• Realm:- Riboviria
 They are enveloped viruses.
 ssRNA positive sense.
 Nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
 The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 27 to 34 kilobases
the largest among known RNA viruses.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

4. Discovery
 Human coronaviruses were first discovered in the late 1960s (coronavirus
229E and coronavirus OC43).
 Members of this family have since been identified, including
• SARS-CoV in 2003
• HCoV NL63 in 2004
• HKU1 in 2005
• MERS-CoV in 2012
• SARS-CoV-2 in 2019
 Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.

5. Introduction
 Coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by sever acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruse
2 (SARS-CoV-2).
 The disease was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan/China and the disease
spread globally, resulting in the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic.
 The World Health (WHO) declared the 2019–2020
coronavirus outbreak a Puplic Health Emergency of International
Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.

6. Incubation period
 The incubation period for COVID-19 is typically five to six days.
 But may range from 2 to 14 days.
 Most people develop symptoms within 11 days of infection.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

7. Symptoms
 Common symptoms include:-
• Fever
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
 Other symptoms include:-
• Muscle pain
• Diarrhea
• Sore throat
• Abdominal pain
 While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress
to pneumonia and multi-organ failure and death.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

8. Mode of transmission
 The virus is transmitted to a healthy person through respiratory
droplets (cough, sneezing)
‘’person to person contact’’.
 The virus has also been found in feces and transmission through
faces is being researched.
 The virus remained viable in aerosols (few hours).
Marwa A. Al-Asady

9. Pathogenesis
 The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus
accesses host cells via the enzyme ACE2, which is most abundant in
the type II alveolar cells of the lungs.
 The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to
connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.
 The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the
disease in that tissue and some have suggested that decreasing ACE2
activity might be protective,.
 another though view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor
blocker medications could be protective.

10. Pathogenesis
As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might
develop and death may follow.
The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly
expressed in the glandular cells of gastric duodenal and rectal
epithelium as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small
intestine.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

11. Diagnosis
 Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-
PCR).
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 Chest Xray (CT scans of the chest)
Marwa A. Al-Asady

12. Origin and reservoir
 The COVID-19 is thought to be natural and have an animal
origin.
 The correct animal reservoir for the COVID-19 is not yet certain.
 Recent evidence suggests that bats and pangolin (animal that is
consumed a food in china and that has scales used in traditional
medicine may be the reservoir.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

13. Prevention
Staying at home
Avoiding crowded places
Washing hands
Social distancing also includes that people stay at least 6 feet apart
(about 1.80 meters).
Marwa A. Al-Asady

14. Treatment
 No antiviral or vaccine has been yet.
Marwa A. Al-Asady

15. Some references
 Campbell C (20 January 2020). "The Wuhan Pneumonia Crisis Highlights the
Danger in China's Opaque Way of Doing Things“. Time. Retrieved 13
March 2020.
 Lucey D, Sparrow A (14 January 2020). "China Deserves Some Credit for Its
Handling of the Wuhan Pneumonia". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
 New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces". National Institutes of Health. 17
March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention(CDC). 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February
2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

16. Thank You