Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to 11.corona virus
Similar to 11.corona virus (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
11.corona virus
- 2. Properties of Coronaviruses . Family= Coronaviridae Large, 80 to 220nm The longest genome size of all RNA viruses enveloped helical viruses with non-segmented +ssRNA. Long petal shaped projections (spikes) on the outer surface of the envelope like a solar corona, Royal crown like. The spikes are made up of glycoproteins 2
- 3. Cont… Coronaviruses are extremely fragile and difficult to culture Replication: takes place in cytoplasm of cell They show high frequency of recombination Coronavirus virus particles contain four main structural proteins. - spike (S), - membrane (M), - envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins 3
- 4. Types of Corona Virus Different types of human coronaviruses vary in the severity of illness they cause and how far they can spread. There are currently six recognized types of coronavirus that can infect humans. Common types include: 229E (alpha coronavirus) NL63 (alpha coronavirus) OC43 (beta coronavirus) HKU1 (beta coronavirus) Rarer, more dangerous types include MERS-CoV, which causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). 4
- 5. 5
- 6. Epidemiology Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of different animals and birds. cause illness ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). first isolated in 1937 from an infectious bronchitis virus in birds that has the ability to seriously devastate poultry stocks. It was also founded that corona viruses can infect mice, rats, dogs, cats, turkeys, horses, pigs, and cattle. 6
- 7. Cont… Coronaviruses were first described in the 1960s from common cold patients. These viruses were subsequently named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. On November 16, 2002, an outbreak of what is believed to be severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began in the Guangdong province of China, which borders on Hong Kong. SARS arrived in Hong Kong in February 2003, when a doctor who had treated some of the cases of SARS at Hospital in Guangdong. during a 6-month period, spread rapidly to 26 countries in Asia, Europe, South America, and North America 7
- 8. Cont… By Oct. 30 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia by Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred. - in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited 4 different hospitals. - largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside of the Middle East previously known as Novel coronavirus 2012 8
- 9. Cont… Animals such as civets may acquire infections with SARS-like CoV from contact with infected bats. Current data indicate that bats, primarily the horseshoe bat, are the most likely reservoir for the SARS-CoV, although the bat coronaviruses are species-specific. More than 10 mammalian species have been identified as susceptible to the SARS-CoV by natural or experimental infection. Infections of these secondary hosts may give rise to strains that could potentially infect humans. 9
- 10. Cont… Coronaviruses infection can spread in the following ways: Coughing and sneezing , droplets Touching or shaking hands with a person that has the virus Making contact with a surface or object that has the virus and then touching a nose, eyes, or mouth. On rare occasions, a coronavirus may spread through contact with feces. 10
- 11. Cont… Young people are most likely to contract a coronavirus, and people can contract more than one infection over the course of a lifetime, antibodies do not last for a very long time. Most people will become infected with at least one coronavirus in their life. 11
- 12. Common cold-coronaviruses cause an everyday variety of respiratory infections, which are restricted to the ciliated epithelia of the nose and trachea. They are responsible for about 30% of common cold infections. 12
- 13. Path. of SARS- corona virus Virus is transmitted by respiratory and fecal route. The SARS-CoV targets : Lung alveolar epithelial cells Intestinal enterocytes Other organ systems affected by SARS infection include the spleen, lymph nodes, digestive tract, urogenital tract, CNS, bone marrow, and heart. Virus can also be isolated from urine and feces affect the respiratory tract of mammals, including humans. They are associated with the common cold, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and can also affect the gut. 13
- 14. Cont… Certain individuals may be genetically more susceptible to SARS than others. SARS-CoV which causes SARS, has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 14
- 15. Symptom of SARS Acute, serious respiratory illness with: High fever, Chills Muscle aches Sore throat Headache Shortness of breath, Dry Cough, difficulty of breathing - Diarrhea may appear 15
- 16. Cont… some people go on to develop very severe breathing problems and may need the help of a machine (a ventilator) to help them breathe. The risk of dying from SARS is higher for this group. People over 50 and those with other medical conditions (e.g., heart problems, diabetes) are more likely to develop severe breathing problems. 16
- 17. Laboratory diagnosis Electron microscopy ELISA PCR, amplification and detection of virus- specific RNA Virus isolation is difficult (often impossible) and requires great expertise 17
- 18. Prevention and treatment Treatment is mostly supportive precautions are made to isolate and/or quarantine infected individuals. Covering the mouth and nose with a tissue or handkerchief while coughing or sneezing. dispose of any used tissues and maintain hygiene around the home. Good hygiene practice There is no vaccine currently available. 18
Editor's Notes
- Corona- latin crown,holo
- We s till don’t un derstand why only certain coronaviruses are able to infect people. Virus classificationGroup:Group IV ((+)ssRNA)Order:NidoviralesFamily:CoronaviridaeSubfamily:CoronavirinaeGenus:Alphacoronavirus Betacoronavirus Deltacoronavirus Gammacoronavirus Type speciesCoronavirus SpeciesHuman coronavirus HKU1 Human coronavirus OC43 Human coronavirus 229E MERS-CoV Rhinolophus Bat coronavirus HKU2 SADS-CoV SARS-CoV Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 Bat SL-CoV-WIV1 London1 novel CoV/2012 HCoV-EMC/2012
- Replication[edit] The infection cycle of coronavirus Replication of Coronavirus begins with entry to the cell which takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment. Upon entry to the cell the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA genome is deposited into the cytoplasm. The Coronavirus genome has a 5’ methylated cap and a 3’polyadenylated tail. This allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for translation. Coronaviruses also have a protein known as a replicase encoded in its genome which allows the RNA viral genome to be transcribed into new RNA copies using the host cell's machinery. The replicase is the first protein to be made; once the gene encoding the replicase is translated, the translation is stopped by a stop codon. This is known as a nestedtranscript. When the mRNA transcript only encodes one gene, it is monocistronic. A coronavirus non-structural protein provides extra fidelity to replication because it confers a proofreadingfunction,[11] which is lacking in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes alone. The RNA genome is replicated and a long polyprotein is formed, where all of the proteins are attached. Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein - a protease - which is able to separate the proteins in the chain. This is a form of genetic economy for the virus, allowing it to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of nucleotides.[12]
- By the end of 2004, three independent research labs reported the discovery of a fourth human coronavirus. It has been named NL63, NL, and the New Haven coronavirus by different research groups.[14] The three labs are still arguing over which one discovered the virus first and has the right to name it. Early in 2005, a research team at the University of Hong Kong reported finding a fifth human coronavirus in two patients with pneumonia. They named it Human coronavirus HKU1. In September 2012, a sixth new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
- Coronaviruses are species of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales.[1][2] Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, the largest for an RNA virus. The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown or halo, and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy (E.M.) with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism. Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus (see below), a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2).[3] Some coronaviruses (specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase(HE).[1]
- Coronaviruses infect a number of different animals; most individual strains of virus typically only infect a single animal species. Some are able to infect more than one related species. Most corona viruses infect animals, but not people. Recent examples include SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus. In the future, one or more of these other coronaviruses could potentially spread to humans Turkeys=birds
- By Oct. 30 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.[20] After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centresequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Corona Virus-Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited 4 different hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside of the Middle East previously known as Novel coronavirus 2012 1960s in the noses of patients with the common cold.
- SARS is known as an atypical pneumonia because it is not caused by the usual bacteria or viruses. ARS causes high fever, severe breathing problems, and flu-like symptoms. Over 8,000 cases were reported worldwide during the 2003 outbreak 774 deaths from SARS worldwide.
- Mutation ability makes higghly contagius Reoccurrence is because coronavirus antibodies do not last for a very long time. Also, the antibodies for one strain of coronavirus may be useless against other strains.
- Initial outbreak in SE Asia Hong Kong and Singapore first reported Disease originated in China Originally thought to be from wild game markets Palm civet cat (which isn’t a cat) - Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Raccoon dog (which isn’t a dog) - Nyctereutes procyonoides It is a bat virus Chinese horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus sinicus) No virus isolation Amplification of coronavirus RNA from anal swabs Serology It is highly-similar, but not identical to SARS-CoV Mutations have most likely occurred in transmission from bats to civets to humans Reverse genetics of SARS-CoV and some bat viruses has been done No animal pathogenesis model Virus is transmitted by respiratory and fecal routes Infection is mediated by human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor High expression Lung alveolar epithelial cells Intestinal enterocytes Low expression Blood vessels (virtually all organs) Pneumonia Cause of death is lung failure
- Mutations have most likely occurred in transmission from bats to civets to humans Reverse genetics of SARS-CoV and some bat viruses has been done Recently, the receptor involved in the entry of the SARS virus into the cell was reported to be the angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
- Cold- or flu-like symptoms usually set in from two to four days after coronavirus infection, and they are typically mild. Symptoms include: sneezing a runny nose fatigue a cough in rare cases, fever a sore throat exacerbated asthma
- Human coronaviruses cannot be cultivated in the laboratory easily, unlike the rhinovirus, another cause of the common cold. This makes it difficult to gauge the coronavirus' impact on national economies and public health. There is no cure, so treatments include taking care of yourself and over-the-counter (OTC) medication: Rest and avoid overexertion. Drink enough water. Avoid smoking and smoky areas. Take acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen to reduce pain and fever. Use a clean humidifier or cool mist vaporizer. The virus responsible can be diagnosed by taking a sample of respiratory fluids, such as mucus from the nose, or blood.
- ELISA - may not discriminate past infections
- stay at hom Treatment, for the most part, is supportive, and may include intravenous fluids (fluids injected into a vein) or a respirator to help with breathing. Although antibiotics will not help with SARS (as SARS is due to a virus), they may be used in cases where the person has developed a secondary bacterial infection. The benefit of antiviral medications or corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone*) has not been established.e and rest while experiencing symptoms and avoid close contact with other people November 2002[edit] On November 16, 2002, an outbreak of what is believed to be severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began in the Guangdong province of China, which borders on Hong Kong. The first case of infection was speculated to be a farmer in the Shunde district of Foshan County. The People's Republic of China (PRC) notified the World Health Organization (WHO) about this outbreak on February 10, reporting 305 cases (including 105 health-care workers) and 5 deaths;[1] it was later reported that the outbreak in Guangdong had peaked in mid-February, but that appears to be false, as later 806 infections and 34 deaths were reported.[2] Early in the epidemic, the PRC discouraged its press from reporting on SARS and lagged in reporting the situation to the World Health Organization, delaying the initial report. Initially, it did not provide information for Chinese provinces other than Guangdong, the province where the disease is believed to have originated.[3] For example, a WHO team that travelled to Beijing was not allowed to visit the Guangdong province for several weeks.[4] This resulted in international criticism, which seemed to have caused a change in government policy in early April. SARS arrived in Hong Kong in February 2003, when a doctor who had treated some of the cases of SARS at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital in Guangdong came to attend a family gathering. Dr. Liu Jianlun, Hong Kong's first patient, checked into the Metropole Hotel on February 21, with a room on the ninth floor, specifically room 911. Even though he was already feeling somewhat ill he visited with his family and traveled around Hong Kong. By February 22, he was sick enough to seek care at Kwong Wah Hospital. He died there in the Intensive Care Unit on March 4th. He is believed to have been a superspreader, as he spread the virus to many other guests on his hotel floor. Dr. Liu’s brother-in-law sought medical treatment in late February, entered the hospital on March 1st, and died on March 19th. Twenty-three other guests from the Metropole developed SARS, seven of them from the ninth floor, and it is estimated that around 80% of the Hong Kong cases were due to Dr. Liu.[6] .