Corona Virus (SARS-Cov-2) and covid 19 disease

Coronavirus
(COVID-19)
“Public Health Emergency Of International Concernexternal Icon” (PHEIC).
By Mr. Isaac Okello Opio (Mycobacteriology Lab)
0778336598 / 0700662434
Isaacokelloopio@gmail.com
12/11/2020Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak
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Background
 Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness
ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such
as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV).
 Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted
between animals and people.
 Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have
not yet infected humans.
 A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been
previously identified in humans.
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Background
 The virus has been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it causes
has been named “coronavirus disease 2019” (abbreviated “COVID-
19”), also known as Wuhan coronavirus.
 The virus was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China, on 17
November 2019.
 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that was first reported from
Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019.
 With major outbreaks in mainland China, Italy, South Korea, and
Iran.
 On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared
the outbreak a pandemic.
 (CDC & WHO- Updated March 11, 2020)
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Classification Of Coronavirus:
 Virus: nCoV-2019
 Genus: Betacoronavirus
 Subfamily:
Orthocoronavirinae
 Family: Coronaviridae
 Suborder: Cornidovirineae
 Order: Nidovirales
NB: The subfamily of
Orthocoronavirinae further consists of
4 genera which are alpha, beta,
gamma, and delta.
Alpha and Beta coronaviruses only
infect mammals while the gamma and
delta coronaviruses infect birds mainly,
but a few infect mammals as well.
Alpha and beta coronaviruses usually
cause respiratory illness in humans.
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Classification Of Coronavirus:
There are seven strains
of coronaviruses which are known to
infect humans:
 Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-
229E)
 Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-
OC43)
 Severe acute respiratory
syndrome-related
coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
 Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-
NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
 Human coronavirus HKU1
 The Middle East respiratory syndrome-
related coronavirus (MERS-CoV),
previously known as novel
coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC.
 Out of these SARS-CoV and MERS-
CoV, cause a severe respiratory
syndrome in humans.
 The other four human
coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-
229E, HCoV-OC43, and HKU1) cause
mild upper respiratory diseases in
immunocompetent hosts,
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Morphology OF COV-2
 Viruses in the family Coronaviridae are
enveloped, positive-sense, single-
stranded RNA viruses.
 It has the largest viral RNA genome.
 The virus on its outer surface shows large
club-shaped projections which under an
electron microscope resemble the solar
corona.
 An envelope is made up of glycoproteins
which help in the entry of the virus into
the host cells.
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Morphology OF COV-2
 (Image: © Shutterstock)
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Morphology OF COV-2
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SARS Vs COV-2

Transmission Of Coronavirus
The virus has been seen to be transmitted from
person to person among close contact (within about
6 feet).
This mainly occurs by the route of respiratory
droplets formed while an infected person sneezes or
coughs.
These droplets can further be inhaled or consumed
unintentionally via the oral route by healthy
individuals.
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Transmission Of Coronavirus
Transmission of novel coronavirus to persons from
surfaces contaminated with the virus has not been
documented.
Current evidence suggests that novel coronavirus
may remain viable for hours to days on surfaces
made from a variety of materials.
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A viral entryway
To infect a human host, viruses must be able to gain
entry into individual human cells.
They use these cells' machinery to produce copies of
themselves, which then spill out and spread to new cells.
A research team led by scientists at the University of
Texas at Austin described the tiny molecular key on
SARS-CoV-2 that gives the virus entry into the cell.
On Feb. 19 in the journal Science-PUBLISHED
This key is called a spike protein, or S-protein.
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A viral entryway
Researchers led by Qiang Zhou, a research fellow at Westlake
University in Hangzhou, China, have revealed
published their findings in the journal Science on March 4.
how the new virus attaches to a receptor on respiratory cells
called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, or ACE2.
Thomas Gallagher, a virologist at Loyola University Chicago
"The virus outbreak only began to occur a couple months ago,
and within that short period of time, these authors have come up
with information that I think traditionally takes much longer".
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A viral entryway
“Once the S-protein grabs it, the virus can enter the house,"
Liang Tao, a researcher at Westlake University
Zhou and his team used a tool called cryo electron
microscopy
Which employs deeply frozen samples and electron beams
to image the tiniest structures of biological molecules.
The molecular bond between SARS-CoV-2's spike protein
and ACE2 looks fairly similar to the binding pattern of the
coronavirus that caused the outbreak of SARS in 2003.
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A viral entryway
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A viral entryway
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Infection process

Contn…
 There are some differences, however, in the precise amino acids
used to bind SARS-CoV-2 to that ACE2 receptor compared with
the virus that causes SARS
 There are other coronaviruses that circulate regularly, causing
upper respiratory infections that most people think of as the
common cold.
 Those coronaviruses don't interact with the ACE2 receptor,
Gallagher said, but rather, they get into the body using other
receptors on human cells.
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Coronavirus structure implications
 The structure of SARS-CoV-2's "key" and the body's "lock"
 Could theoretically provide a target for antiviral drugs that
would stop the new coronavirus from getting into new cells.
 Most antiviral drugs already on the market focus on halting
viral replication within the cell,
 "There is no effective clinical drug that will block that
interaction that I know of" that's already in use, he said. `
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Treatment Of Person infected with
Coronavirus :
There has been no definitive treatment found against this
virus.
At the moment only symptomatic treatment is being provided.
NB: protease enzyme in the host cell helps the Beta
coronavirus to gain entry into the host cells. (Source: bioRXIV)
Research for using drugs such as protease inhibitors
(lopinavir/ritonavir) has begun in late January.
Many authorities have found anti-virals used in the treatment
of HIV to be effective to some extent.
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Coronavirus structure implications
 The viral spike protein is also a promising target for vaccines, because it's
the part of the virus that interacts with its environment and so could be
easily recognized by the immune system, Gallagher said.
 Even so, developing either drugs or a vaccine will be a challenging task.
 Treatments and vaccines not only have to prove effective against the
virus, but must also be safe for people, Gallagher said.
 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention officials have said that
the earliest a coronavirus vaccine could be available is in a year to a year
and a half.
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Who is at risk?
 Risk of infection with COVID-19 is higher for people who are close contacts of
someone known to have COVID-19. E.g
 Healthcare workers
 Household members.
Other people at higher risk for infection are
 Those who live in or have recently been in an area with ongoing spread of
COVID-19.
WHO RISK ASSESSMENT
China Very High
Regional Level Very High
Global Level Very High
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Common signs
Respiratory symptoms
 Fever
 Cough
 Shortness of breath
 Breathing difficulties.
In more severe cases,
 Infection can cause pneumonia
 Severe acute respiratory syndrome
 Kidney failure and even death.
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Spread
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Spread
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Prevention
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Alcohol sanitizer
 Lipid Enveloped Virus"
These particular types of viruses that are lipid enveloped are killed by alcohol
(>60%) by desolving the lipid-layer of the
virus.
35

 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters
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COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in
areas with hot and humid climates
 From the evidence so far, the COVID-19 virus can be
transmitted in ALL AREAS, including areas with hot and
humid weather. Regardless of climate, adopt protective
measures if you live in, or travel to an area reporting
COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself against
COVID-19 is by frequently cleaning your hands. By
doing this you eliminate viruses that may be on your
hands and avoid infection that could occur by then
touching your eyes, mouth, and nose.
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Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the
new coronavirus.
 There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill
the new coronavirus or other diseases. The normal
human body temperature remains around 36.5°C to
37°C, regardless of the external temperature or
weather. The most effective way to protect yourself
against the new coronavirus is by frequently cleaning
your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or washing
them with soap and water.
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Taking a hot bath does not prevent the
new coronavirus disease
 Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from
catching COVID-19. Your normal body
temperature remains around 36.5°C to 37°C,
regardless of the temperature of your bath or
shower. Actually, taking a hot bath with extremely
hot water can be harmful, as it can burn you. The
best way to protect yourself against COVID-19 is
by frequently cleaning your hands. By doing this
you eliminate viruses that may be on your hands
and avoid infection that coud occur by then
touching your eyes, mouth, and nose.
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The new coronavirus CANNOT be
transmitted through mosquito bites.
 To date there has been no information nor
evidence to suggest that the new coronavirus
could be transmitted by mosquitoes. The new
coronavirus is a respiratory virus which spreads
primarily through droplets generated when an
infected person coughs or sneezes, or through
droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. To
protect yourself, clean your hands frequently with
an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with
soap and water. Also, avoid close contact with
anyone who is coughing and sneezing.
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Are hand dryers effective in killing the
new coronavirus?
 No. Hand dryers are not effective in killing the
2019-nCoV. To protect yourself against the new
coronavirus, you should frequently clean your
hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash
them with soap and water. Once your hands are
cleaned, you should dry them thoroughly by
using paper towels or a warm air dryer.
41

Can an ultraviolet disinfection lamp kill the new
coronavirus?
 UV lamps should not be used to sterilize hands or
other areas of skin as UV radiation can cause skin
irritation.
42

How effective are thermal scanners in detecting
people infected with the new coronavirus?
 Thermal scanners are effective in detecting people who
have developed a fever (i.e. have a higher than normal
body temperature) because of infection with the new
coronavirus.
 However, they cannot detect people who are infected
but are not yet sick with fever. This is because it takes
between 2 and 10 days before people who are infected
become sick and develop a fever.
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Can spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your
body kill the new coronavirus?
 No. Spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your
body will not kill viruses that have already
entered your body. Spraying such substances can
be harmful to clothes or mucous membranes (i.e.
eyes, mouth). Be aware that both alcohol and
chlorine can be useful to disinfect surfaces, but
they need to be used under appropriate
recommendations.
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Do vaccines against pneumonia protect you
against the new coronavirus?
 No. Vaccines against pneumonia, such as
pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type
B (Hib) vaccine, do not provide protection against the
new coronavirus.
 The virus is so new and different that it needs its own
vaccine. Researchers are trying to develop a vaccine
against 2019-nCoV, and WHO is supporting their
efforts.
 Although these vaccines are not effective against 2019-
nCoV, vaccination against respiratory illnesses is highly
recommended to protect your health.
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Can regularly rinsing your nose with saline help
prevent infection with the new coronavirus?
 No. There is no evidence that regularly rinsing
the nose with saline has protected people
from infection with the new coronavirus.
 There is some limited evidence that regularly
rinsing nose with saline can help people
recover more quickly from the common cold.
However, regularly rinsing the nose has not
been shown to prevent respiratory infections.
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Can eating garlic help prevent infection
with the new coronavirus?
 Garlic is a healthy food that may have some
antimicrobial properties. However, there is no
evidence from the current outbreak that eating
garlic has protected people from the new
coronavirus.
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Are antibiotics effective in preventing and
treating the new coronavirus?
 No, antibiotics do not work against viruses, only
bacteria.
 The new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a virus and,
therefore, antibiotics should not be used as a means
of prevention or treatment.
 However, if you are hospitalized for the 2019-nCoV,
you may receive antibiotics because bacterial co-
infection is possible.
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Are there any specific medicines to
prevent or treat the new coronavirus?
 To date, there is no specific medicine recommended to
prevent or treat the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
 However, those infected with the virus should receive
appropriate care to relieve and treat symptoms, and
those with severe illness should receive optimized
supportive care. Some specific treatments are under
investigation, and will be tested through clinical trials.
WHO is helping to accelerate research and
development efforts with a range or partners.
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Does the new coronavirus affect older people,
or are younger people also susceptible?
 People of all ages can be infected by the new
coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Older people, and people
with pre-existing medical conditions (such as asthma,
diabetes, heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable
to becoming severely ill with the virus.
 WHO advises people of all ages to take steps to
protect themselves from the virus, for example by
following good hand hygiene and good respiratory
hygiene.
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Corona Virus (SARS-Cov-2) and covid 19 disease

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