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1. Infection control
diploma
Papered by :Tmomen Almanori
Under Supervision of Dr Hatem Al-bitar
Assignment 19

2. Give an account on :-
food poisoning ,novel influenza, Corona viruses, Ebola viruses?
Food poisoning:-
Food poisoning is an illness that occurs after eating or drinking anything that is contaminated Common
symptoms of foodborne illnesses include vomiting, diarrhea (with or without blood), fever, abdominal
cramping, headache, dehydration, myalgia, and arthralgias. Causative microorganisms:-
1-Bacteria:-
E,coli , salmonella typhi ,non typhi salmonella ,shigella, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio Colera.
2-Viruses:-Like:-
Coronavirus, polio virus, rotavirus ,hepatitis a virus hepatitis E virus.
3- Parasites:-like Entamoeba,
histolytica, toxoplasma gardii .
4-Natural toxins:-
Paralytic shellfish poisoning, mushroom toxins.
5- Chemicals :-
pesticides ,fluoride, zinc.
Treatment:-
Re-hydration is the main key in the management of food poisoning. Empirical therapy using antibiotics
may be considered in high risk patients .

5. Novel influenza:-
Human infections with novel influenza A viruses include influenza A virus
subtypes that are different from currently circulating human influenza H1
and H3 viruses.
Novel subtypes include, but are not limited to, H2, H5, H7, and H9
subtypes. Influenza H1 and H3 subtypes originating from a non-human
species or from genetic reassortment between animal and human viruses
are also novel viruses.
For example, human infections with an influenza virus that normally
circulates in swine and not people are called variant viruses.
They can be denoted by adding the letter “v” to the end of the virus
subtype designation.
Human infections with A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v viruses have
been detected in the United States.

9. Coronavirus:-
Members of the family Coronaviridae are large, enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are the
largest known RNA.
The family is divided into two subfamilies, the Coronavirinae and the Torovirinae.Members of the
subfamily Coronavirinae are widespread among mammals, often causing only mild respiratory or
enteric infections. Over 60 coronaviruses (CoVs) have been isolated from bats (BtCoV) SARS-cov:-
SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002.Epidemiologic studies and genetic
analysis indicated the virus most likely jumped from bats into farm-raised Himalayan palm civets
.Human to human transmission was by respiratory and fecal routes.Bats and birds are natural
reservoirs of SARS-like viruses.SARS-infection causes a triphasic pattern of disease. The first phase is
nonspecific with fever, cough, sore throat, and myalgia. Breathing difficulties (dyspnea) show up 7–
14 days after appearance of the first symptoms. The second phase of the disease includes shortness
of breath, fever, onset of hypoxia, and often diarrhea. In the most serious cases, patients progress to
a third phase with development of acute respiratory distress requiring hospitalization and mechanical
respiration. MERS facts:MERS begins with coughing, fever, and breathing problems but may progress
to pneumonia and kidney failure.Many healthy camels in the Arabian Peninsula have antibodies
specific to CoV-MERS (indicating past infection) but infections often occur among people with no
known contact with camels.CoV-SARS and HCoV-MERS that can cause severe respiratory disease.

12. Ebola viruses:-
Ebola virus disease, once known by, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is defined by the iconic hemorrhagic
fever, but more common symptoms are non-specific such as fever, malaise, headache, diarrhea, or
vomiting. The disease can quickly progress to multi-organ system failure leading to shock followed by
death. The case-fatality rate ranges from 25% to 90%; the average case fatality rate is about 50%. The
range is dependent primarily on the type of strain of ebolavirus.early detection remains vital to
reduce the risk of an epidemic. killing the virus requires high doses of gamma irradiation and
ultraviolet light, long periods of 30 minutes or more of intense heat 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees
Fahrenheit). There is still no cure or prophylaxis treatment for patients with Ebola virus disease.The first
recognized Ebola outbreak occurred in 1976, near the Ebola River in Zaire (now Democratic Republic
of Congo, DRC). The main routes of Ebola virus transmission are direct contact with a symptomatic
Ebola patient's blood and body fluids (including but not limited to urine, feces, vomitus, saliva and
sweat) through breaks in the skin or through inoculation into the mouth, nose or eyes.Human
infection can also occur through contact with infected wild animals

15. Give an account on epidemic pandemic and endemic?
An epidemic:-
is a disease that affects a large population within a short period, such as the influenza virus in the
United States.
An endemic :-
is a disease that is known to occur in a region and found in a certain percentage of people example
is malaria in Africa .
Pandemic:-
is a terminology used when there is an imminent threat to nations spreading across continents, and
an example is a COVID-19 diseases.
Disease control and prevention uses the following definition: (i) endemic refers to the persistent
presence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area; (ii) epidemic
refers to an increase, often suddenly, in the number of cases of a disease above the level normally
expected in the population in that area; (iii) pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread across
several countries or continents, usually affecting large numbers of people.

17. Thank you