Use of drawing tools

1. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
ENGINEERING DRAWING
&
GRAPHICS

2. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
Introduction
Engineering drawing is called the universal language of engineers.
Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three
dimensional objects. It provides necessary information about the shape, size,
surface quality, material, manufacturing process, etc., of the object.
It is the graphic language from which a trained person can visualize the
objects. Drawings prepared in one country may be utilized in any other
country irrespective of the language spoken.
Engineering drawing is called the universal language of engineers. Any
language to be communicative, should follow certain rules so that it conveys
the same meaning to every one. Similarly, drawing practice must follow
certain rules, if it is to serve as a means of communication.

3. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
Role of Engineering
DrawingThe ability to read drawing is the most important requirement of all
technical people in any profession. As compared to verbal or written
description, this method is brief and more clear.
Some of the applications are: building drawing for civil engineers, machine
drawing for mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams for electrical and
electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all.
The subject in general is designed to impart the following skills to students.
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyze and communicate.

4. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
NEED TO BUY YOUR
OWNHIGH SPEED USB 3.0 DRIVE OR LATEST OF 8GB OR MORE
You will receive your all study material in soft form.

5. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
NEED TO BUY YOUR
OWNSCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

6. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
Drawing Instrument
• The Instruments and other aids used are listed below:
1. Pencils
2. T-Square
3. Set squares
4. Protractor
5. Scale
6. Instrument Box
7. French curves
8. Drawing sheets
9. Drawing board
10. Board Clip/paper tape
11. Erasers/Eraser Shield
12. Templates
13. Flexi Curve
NEED TO BUY YOUR OWN

7. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
1. Pencils
• Drawing Pencils are a basic requirement.
• You need a number ranging from 2B to 2H.
These letters refer to the hardness of the
pencil lead.
• When sketching a soft lead such as 2B is can
be used to produce quick drawings and
shading.
• On the other hand , when drawing precisely
a 2H or even a harder pencil such as a 4H is
ideal. This type of pencil keeps its sharp edge
for longer and produces very fine lines.

8. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
1. Mechanical/Refillable Pencils
• A refillable pencil is very useful especially if
you are constructing a drawing that needs a
constant thickness of line.
• The refills are available in a range of
thicknesses and either hard or soft leads.
• Disadvantages are that the refillable pencils
are relatively expensive and so are the refills.
Also, the leads tend to break more easily.

9. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
1. Pencils Leads
• The first consideration in the selection
of a grade of lead is the type of line
work required.
• For light construction lines and guide
lines for lettering use a hard lead.
• For all other line work, the lines should
be BLACK.
• The lead chosen should be soft enough
to produce jet black lines but hard
enough not to smudge.

10. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
1. Pencils Leads
HARD MEDIUM SOFT
9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B
Hard leads are used where
extreme accuracy is required.
Generally these leads are used
for construction lines.
Medium leads are used for
general purpose line work in
technical drawing.
Soft leads are used for various
kinds of art work. These leads
are too soft to be useful in
mechanical drafting.
TASK LEAD GRADE LINE WEIGHT
CONSTRUCTION LINES 3H, 4H, 6H THIN, LIGHT
VISIBLE OBJECT
LINES
H, F, HB THICK, DARK
HIDDEN LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
CENTER LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
DIMENSION LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
EXTENSION LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
LEADER LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
CUTTING PLANE
LINES
H, F, HB THICK, DARK
PHANTOM LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
LETTERING H, F, HB THIN, DARK

11. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
1. Pencils Leads
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing
order of softness and blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
increasing order of hardness.
• Drawings are done using 2H pencils
and finished with H and HB pencils to
be practiced in this course.

12. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
2. T-Square
• T-Squares are use to draw horizontal lines. They are especially useful
when constructing accurate orthographic drawings or architectural
drawings.
• A T-Square is normally used with a drawing board, set squares and clips.
It must be pushed firmly against the edge of the drawing board when it is
being used.

13. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
3. Set Square
• Set Squares are used to draw accurate
angles. The most common are 45 and 60/30
degrees. When using set squares they
should always used along with a T-Square.
• The Set-square rest on the straight edge of
the T-Square and this ensures when the
angle is drawn that it is accurate.

14. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
3. Set Square

15. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
4. Protector
• A protractor is used to measure
angles. A typical protractor is a
semi-circular piece of plastic
with 180 degrees printed
around its curve.
• This piece of equipment is not
only used in graphics for
constructing accurate drawings
but is also used in subjects like
Mathematics.

16. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
5. Scale
• Scales are instruments used in
making technical drawings full
size or at a given reduction or
enlargement.
• Types of scales include metric
scales, engineers’ scales, decimal
scales, mechanical engineers’
scales, and architects’ scales.
• Scales are usually made of plastic
or boxwood and are either
triangular of flat in shape.

17. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
5. Scale

18. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
6. Instrument Box
• Drawing Instruments box are consist of
the following instruments:
• Large size compasses,
• Large size divider,
• Small size bow pen,
• bow divider, and
• Lengthening bar

19. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
6(A). Compass
• A compass is an absolute essential piece
of equipment. It is well worth buying a
good set which includes at least two
compasses allowing the drawing of small
and large circles.
• The drawing opposite is a ‘bow’ compass,
this is used for drawing small circles very
accurately. Cheap compasses tend to slip
on the paper and break quite easily. A
good, quality compass set will last a life
time.

20. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
7. FRENCH CURVES
• French Curves are purchased in sets
of three or four. They are used to
draw curves by finding the section of
curve that matches the desired shape
on the profile of the curve.
• Some French Curves also have either
circles or ellipses of various sizes cut
out. These can be used in the same
way as circle or ellipse templates.

21. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
8-DRAWING SHEETS(PAPER)

22. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
9.
DRAWING
BOARD

23. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
10. Board Clips /Paper tape
• Board clips are used to hold the
drawing paper in position. They
simply clip on to the board holding
the paper firmly against the
drawing board

24. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
11. Eraser / Eraser Shield
• An eraser shield is a simple metal or plastic
plate, about2 ¼ “ x 3 ½” with different sizes
and shapes of openings. These different
shapes and sizes allow precise masking of
small areas.
• This allows you to erase without smearing or
the accidental erasure of surrounding areas
of a drawing. An eraser shield is useful when
correcting and editing a drawing.
• Eraser shields are lightweight and strong and
easily added to your pencil case to carry with
you. It can also be slipped into a small slit or
pocket taped to the back of a drawing pad.

25. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
12. Templates
• Circle templates are very useful.
• They are plastic with a number of accurate circles cut
out.
• They are used to draw circles of set diameters/sizes
and are particularly useful if the circle is small.
• Small circles are difficult to draw using a traditional
compass because the compass can easily slip on the
paper.
• With a template, the circle diameter is selected and a
sharp pencil is used to draw round the cutout circle.
• Ellipse templates are similar to circle templates and
these are useful for drawing ellipse / oval shapes
accurately.

26. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
12. Templates

27. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
13- Flexi Curve
• A Flexi-curve is used to draw
curves. It can be formed into
almost any curve as it is flexible.
• Flex-curves are useful as they are
simply shaped to form the
desired curve. However, a flex-
curve is delicate and if forced into
a tight curve it will break.

28. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
SETTING UP PAPER ON BOARD
• 1. The T-square must be
placed up against the edge
of the drawing board. There
must be no gaps otherwise
the paper will not be set up
correctly and drawing
accurate horizontal and
vertical lines will be
impossible.

29. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
SETTING UP PAPER ON BOARD
•2. The paper is then allowed
to rest on the T-square. Check
that the paper rests properly
on the T-square and that
there are no gaps between
the T-square and the paper
OR the T-square and the side
of the drawing board.
The clips can then be
positioned holding the paper
securely to the board.

30. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
SETTING UP PAPER ON BOARD
•3. A 2H pencil can then be used
to draw faint horizontal lines
across the page. Try to keep the
lines to the same size by
measuring them with a ruler.
Each time you draw a line check
that the T-square is pressed
completely against the edge of
the board. There should be no
gaps.

31. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
SETTING UP PAPER ON BOARD
•4. To draw vertical or inclined
lines a T-square and set square
are used together.
Be careful to check that there
no gaps between the T-square
and the board AND the set
square and the T-square. Do
not draw vertical lines with a
set square only as they will not
be accurate.

32. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
ASSEMBLY OF
PARTS

33. MEHRAN UNIVERSITY
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH-F16, 1ST
YEAR,1ST
SEMESTER
SYLLABUS
• Introduction & Basics: Introduction to graphic language, Essential drawing
instruments and their correct use. Line types and lettering. Basic drafting techniques
and standards. Curves used in engineering.
• Orthographic Projections:
• Orthographic multi view projection of some simple and composite solids.
• Sections: Sectioning and projection of auxiliary views.
• Surface Development: Surface development of simple solids such as cylinder, cone,
prism and pyramid, surface development of intersecting solids.
• Isometric Projections: Isometric projection / drawings of piping.
• Freehand/Sketching : Sketching and basic rules of sketching.
• Detail, assembly and Working Drawings: Preparing detail, assembly and working
drawings of various machine and engine parts such as, keys, cotters, foundation bolts,
screws, pulleys, couplings, bearings riveted joints and nut and bolts. Fundamentals of
geometric dimensioning and tolerancing.
• Computer Aided Drawing: Computer aided drafting (CAD). Auto CAD Software