BASIC TOOLS AND LINES USED IN ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

1. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN

2. INTRODUCTION
Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional
objects. In general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality,
material, manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a
trained person can visualize objects. Drawings prepared in one country may be utilized in
any other country irrespective of the language spoken. Hence, engineering drawing is called
the universal language of engineers. Any language to be communicative should follow
certain rules so that it conveys the same meaning to everyone. Similarly, drawing practice
must follow certain rules, if it is to serve as a means of communication. For this purpose,
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapted the International Standards on code of practice
for drawing. The other foreign standards are: DIN of Germany, BS of Britain and ANSI of
America.
Role of Engineering Drawing:- The ability to read drawing is the most important
requirement of all technical people in any profession. As compared to verbal or written
description, this method is brief and clearer. Some of the applications are: building drawing
for civil engineers, machine drawing for mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams for
electrical and electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all. The subject in
general is designed to impart the following skills.
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering drawings.
2. Ability to make free - hand sketching of objects.
3. Power to imagine, analyze and communicate, and
4. Capacity to understand other subjects:
SP 46 : 2003 Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges:-
"SP 46 : 2003" is special publication of Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.) released in the
year 2003. The ISBN number is 8170610192 number of pages 205 and MRP is Rs. 1440=00.
It is the composition of some of the standards felt by B.I.S. necessary for Engineering
Drawing Practice for schools and colleges. It can be purchased from any leading offices of
B.I.S. or via post from 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
Prior to this SP 46 : 1988 and IS 696 : 1972 were used in the Engineering Drawing Practices.

3. SR.NO TOOLS
1 Drawing Board
2 Mini Drafter
3 T-Square
4 Set –Squares (30◦-60◦ and 45◦-45◦ )
5 Compass
6 Divider
7 Protector
8 Set of Scales
9 Circle Master
10 French Curves
11 Stencil
12 Drawing Sheet
13 Sketch Book
14 Paper Clip
15 Pencils ( 2H and H only )
16 Eraser
LIST OF DRAWING TOOLS:-

4. Drawing Board
Drawing Board Until recently drawing
boards used are made of well seasoned softwood
of about 25 mm thick with a working edge for T-
square. Nowadays mini-drafters are used instead
of T-squares which can be fixed on any board. The
standard size of board depends on the size of
drawing sheet size required.
Mini-Drafter consists of an angle formed by
two arms with scales marked and rigidly hinged to
each other. It combines the functions ofT-square,
set-squares, scales and protractor. It is used for
drawing horizontal, vertical and inclined lines,
parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring
lines and angles.
Mini Drafter
Instrument box contains 1. Compasses,
2.Dividers and 3. Inking pens. What is important is
the position of the pencil lead with respect to the
tip of the compass. It should be atleast I mm
above because the tip goes into the board for grip
by 1 mm.
Instrument Box

5. Pencils
Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades are available in the
market. The hardness or softness of the lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc.
The grade HB denotes medium hardness oflead used for general purpose. The hardness
increases as the value of the numeral before the letter H increases. The lead becomes
softer, as the value of the numeral before B increases.
The selection of the grade depends on the line quality desired for the drawing. Pencils
of grade H or 2H may be used for finishing a pencil drawing as these give a sharp black line.
Softer grade pencils are used for sketching work. HB grade is recommended for lettering
and dimensioning.
Nowadays mechanical pencils are widely used in place of wooden pencils. When these
are used, much of the sharpening time can be saved. The number 0.5, 0.70 of the pen
indicates then thickness of the line obtained with the lead and the size of the lead diameter.
Micro-tip pencils with 0.5 mm thick leads with the following grades are
recommended.
HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free sketching.
H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible edges and boundary lines
2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension lines, Leader lines, Extension lines, Centre
lines,etc.

6. TYPES OF LINES
Dimensioning

7. Polygon
Construct square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon and nonagon which have one
common side of 30 mm by general method.

8. Plain Scale
On a map of Gujarat 1 cm represents 5 kms. Construct a plain scale long enough to measure a
distance between Ahmedabad and Baroda.Indicate on it a distance between Ahmedabad and
Anand.Distance: (1) Ahmedabad- Baroda - 100kms.(2) Ahmedabad- Anand - 65kms

9. Diagonal Scale
The distance between two places is 240 km and its equivalent distance on map measures
12 cm. Draw a diagonal scale to indicate 273 km and 128 km.

10. Sr.
No.
Description of the problem Topic
1 Draw the types of lines used in general engineering drawing
with its description and applications.
Ref. book
P.J SHAH
PAGE NO.21
2 Show the various dimensioning methods with example. Ref. book
P.J SHAH
CHAPTER-17
3 Construct square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon and
nonagon which have one common side of 30 mm by general
method for drawing polygons.
Polygon
4 On a map of Gujarat 1 cm represents 5 kms. Construct a plain
scale long enough to measure a distance between Ahmadabad
and Baroda. Indicate on it a distance between Ahmadabad and
Anand.
Distance: (1) Ahmadabad- Baroda - 100kms.
(2) Ahmadabad- Anand - 65kms
Plain scale
5 An area of 144 cm2
on a map represents an area of 36 km2
on
the field. Draw the scale to show kilometers, hectometers and
decameters to measure up to 10 km. Indicate on the scale a
distance of 5.44 kilometers.
Diagonal Scale
SHEET NO. 1: PRACTICE SHEEET

11. SHEET NO. 1: PRACTICE SHEEET (Solution)