introduction of rock and stone, types , uses , texture ,testing, introduction of artificial stone and its advantges

1. REPORT ON BUILDING MATERIAL
[ROCK AND STONE]
INTRODUCTION OF ROCK AND STONE
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
TEXTURES OF ROCK
USES OF STONE
CHRACTERISTICS OF STONE
TESTS FOR STONE
PRSERVATIVES OF STONE
ARTIFICIAL STONE AND ITS ADVANTAGES

2. ROCKS AND STONES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Rocks is the solid portion of the earth crust and a unit of
building material. Rocks having only one mineral is known as
monomineralic rock and those having several minerals as
polymineralic rocks.
 Quartz, sand, pure gypsum, magnesite are monomineralic rock.
Granite , basalt, etc. are polymineralic rocks.
 The rocks are named after the predominant mineral present in it.
 Stone is obtained fro rock. The rock quarried from quarries is
called stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone block s,
aggregate, stone slabs, stone lintels, stone flags, etc. Stone has to
be properly dressed before it is used at the place of its use.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
Geological classification
Physical classification
Chemical classification
Classification based on hardness of stone

5. GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic
rocks

6. IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Depending upon the
cooling effect different
types of igneous rocks are
formed.
 Volcanic igneous rocks-
extremely fined grained ex.
Basalt
 Hypa- byssal rocks-fine
grained and crystalline ex.
Dolerite
 Plutonic rocks – coarse
grained and crystalline ex.
granite

7. Igneous rocks
 Igneous rocks - [ primary,
unstratified , eruptive, It is
cooled down molten lava , also
known as magma. These rocks
form deep inside the core of
earth where they continuously
face extremely high temperature
when near the core. They are in
molten form but convert to solid
when present in relatively
cooler regions-. Final form of
rock is solidified form of
magma– granite and basalt.
Igneous rocks contains minerals
like augite, felspar, horne
blende, mica , quartz etc.

8. Sedimentary rocks
 Sedimentary rocks – [ aqueous
stratified ] , gradually deposited
disintegrated rocks. These rocks
take years to sediment in form of
layers over layers surface of earth is
subjected to various chemical agent
which are brought by rain frost and
various other weather conditions.
These agents breakup the surface
which is carried away by further
rains to rivers and other water
channels in which they continue to
travel . As the velocity of the river
decreases , matter starts depositing
in the form of debris and form the
rock . Ex. – sand stone, limestone

9. Metamorphic rocks-
 Metamorphic rocks- One to
change in structures of earth,
igneous and sedimentary
rocks find their way to high
temperature zones inside the
core. Continuous exposure to
high temperature and
pressure change either the
mineral composition or
texture and at times both to
produce an entirely new form
, is called metamorphic rock.
EX. Granite changes to
gneisses lime stone to marble,
shale to stale.

10. METAMORPHISM
 Metamorphism is a process in
which re- alignment of minerals
change the texture of rocks.
 There are four types of
metamorphism.
 Plutonic metamorphism
 Cataclastic metamorphism
 Thermal metamorphism
 Dynamo- Thermal
metamorphism
 As a result of metamorphism ,
lime stone and marl become
marble, basalt and trap are
converted to schist, late rite and
granite become gneiss.

11. PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS
 Stratified rocks are such
rocks which possess planes of
stratification or cleavage. These
rocks can be easily split along
these plane.
 Unstratified rocks have
compact granular structure and
don’t show any layers of
stratification or cleavage Ex. All
rocks of volcanic origin.
 Foliated or laminated
rocks comprise of thin
lamination. They can be split in
definite direction and size. Ex.
Metamorphic rocks .

12. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS
 Siliceous rocks consists of silica as
their predominant constituent. These
are very hard and durable not easily
effected by weathering agencies. Ex.
Granite, trap, basalt, sand stone,
quartzite.
 Argillaceous rocks: T he
predominant constituent is clay.
Alumina which is actually clay , remains
mixed up in varying proportion with
siliceous, calcareous and carboneous
matter. These are hard, brittle, durable
and dense in nature. Ex. Late rite, slate,
porphyry.
 Calcareous rocks : The
predominant constituent is calcium
carbonate. Ex. Lime stone, marble,
dolomite, kankar.

13. CLASSIFICATION BASED UPON
HARDNESS OF THE STONE
 Very hard stone
:diamond, gravel, quartzite ,
taconite.
 Hard rocks : granite
basalt, trap
 Medium stone :
dolomite, limestone
 Soft stone: talc, gypsum,
slate, sandstone
 Hardness may determine
what a stone may be used for
jewellery, carving, faceting,
handling, or storage etc.

14. TEXTURE OF ROCKS
 The way the particles of rocks forming minerals are
arranged in the rocks is termed as texture or structure of
the rock.
 Compact crystalline : Very fine grains tightly held together . Quartzite, marble etc.
 Granular crystalline : Similar size particles and all are held together in such a way , that
all the grains are separately recognizable. Sand stone, gneiss, etc.
 Conglomerate: Rounded grains of different sizes which remain held together by some
cementing material.
 Glass texture : Any grain or crystal at the fractured surface is just like a glass.
 Foliated texture: All the grains arranged in the form of parallel layers.
 Porous granular : This texture is just like granular crystalline but small perforations can
be easily noticed at the fractured surface of the stone.
 Vesicular texture : Small irregular depressions or cavities on the fractured surface.
 Porphyritic texture : Crystals of some minerals are larger than other crystals other rock
forming materials, can be easily recognized.
 Pisolitic texture : Large size grains of peas size , uniformly distributed at the fractured
surface.

15. USES OF STONE
 For masonry work
 Lintel and vertical column
 Covering floors of building
 Paving of roads and foot path
 Construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate
 As an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes
 Base material for water works and sewage treatment plants
 As stone patties for roofing
 Manufacture of cement and lime
 Stone may be used to give massive and pleasing appearance
to the building.

16. CHRACTERISTICS OF STONES
 General structure: It may be stratified, unstratified or foliated.
 Fineness of grains
 Compactness
 Durability: It depends on its chemical composition, physical structure, homogeneity
and closeness of grains and type of cementing material.
 Strength
 Hardness
 Weight
 Percentage of wear: It is measured by attrition test and should not be more than 3%.
 Easy in dressing or working
 Appearance
 Porosity and absorption: Less porous are considered good stones and absorption by
weight after 24 hours should not be exceed 0.60.
 Resistance of fire
 Weathering: Various atmospheric and external agencies such as Rain, frost, wind etc, is
termed as weathering.
 Toughness: It is determined by impact test and represented by toughness index.
Toughness index should not be above 19 and below 13.

17. Tests for stones
 For any specific use , following tests can be carried out on
stones
 Smith’s test
 Freezing and thawing test
 Frost action test
 Acid test
 Water absorption test
 Microscopic examination
 Impact test
 Attrition test
 Crushing test
 Crystallization test
 Hardness test

18. Preservation of stone
 Preservation of stone required when ether stone is
poor quality or aggressive atmosphere etc. There are so
many types of preservatives to protect stone.
 Paints
 Linseed oil
 Coal tar
 Paraffin
 Alum and soap
 Use of baryta or barium hydroxide
 Pointing and plastering

19. ARTIFICIAL STONE
 Artificial stone consists of 1.5 parts of coarse aggregate of size
3mm to 6mm and 1.5 parts of fine aggregate of size less than
3mm.
 Both aggregate are obtained from natural stone. Both aggregate
mix well and will form three parts.
 Add one part of cement to three parts mix them dry.
 Add suitable pigment to the dry mix.
 Lastly add water to the dry mix to obtain a mixture of workable
consistency.
 The plastic mix is then pressed into moulds, cured, and dried.
 Now Artificial stone blocks are ready to use. Blocks may be
polished or white cement can be used to develop light shades.
 Cement, concrete, mosaic tiles, terrazzo, R.C.C. are some
examples of artificial stones.

20. ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL
STONES
 Can be cast in any shape or size.
 Can be made stronger than natural stones.
 Can be used in any position.
 Easily moulded and seasoned at the site of work.
 Do not require any dressing.
 Can be designed for any strength.
 Can be cast in economical sizes which could be easily handled.
 More durable than natural stones.
 Do not require any transportation as they can be cast at site.
 Holes , for the purpose of pipe or electric wire fittings, may be
kept at the time of casting.
 The progress of work will be faster with precast stone .

21. MANISHA AGARWAL