DEFINE BUILDING, PARTS, COMPONENTS

1. BY—
MANISHA AGARWAL

2.  A building consists
of walls, floors,
roofs, provides
covered spaces for
different uses such
as residence,
worship ,
entertainment,
education business,
storage
hospitalization etc.

3.  Residential building- It includes one or two private dwellings,
apartments , hotels ,etc.
 Educational building- It includes buildings for school, college or day to
day purposes .
 Industrial building- Refineries, gas plant, dairies, mills, industries, etc.
 Business building-Libraries, town hall, court houses etc. It is used for
keeping of accounts and records for many purposes.
 Institutional building – Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanage , jails,
sanatoria, etc
 Assembly building- Theaters, places of worship, assembly halls, museums,
restaurants, passengers station, club rooms ,etc.
 Mercantile building- Shops, stores, market place for whole sale or retail
etc.
 Storage building- Ware houses, cold stores, garages, stables, etc.
 Hazardous building- Any building or part of building is used for storage,
handling, manufacturing or processing products which are liable to burn
and which may produce poisonous fumes or explosions.

4.  Foundation
 Footing
 Plinth
 Walls
 Columns and beams
 Floors
 Doors ,windows and ventilators
 Stairs
 Roof
 Building finishes
 Building services

5.  Foundation is the
lowest part of a
structure below the
ground level which
is in direct contact
with the ground and
transmits all the
dead , live and
other loads to the
soil on which the
structure rests.

6.  Footing is a
foundation unit
constructed brick
work , masonry or
concrete under the
base of wall or
column for the
purpose of
distributing the
load over a large
area.

7.  Plinth – The portion of
the building between
the ground surrounding
the building and top of
the floor immediately
above the ground is
known as plinth. The
level of the surrounding
ground is known as
formation level or
simply ground level and
level of the ground floor
of the building is plinth
level.

8.  Columns and beams- A
column is an isolated vertical
load bearing member the
width of which is neither less
than its thickness nor four
than more four times its
thickness. Pier is similar to a
column except that it is
bonded into load bearing wall
at the sides to form an
integral a d extends to full
height of the wall. Beam is
the horizontal member of a
structure carrying transverse
loads. Beam is rectangular in
cross section. It carry floor
slab or roof slab. Beam
transfer all load including
self weight to the column or
wall.

9.  Wall is provided to divide
the floor space in
designed pattern. It
provide mainly privacy ,
security and protection.
There are mainly two
types of walls . A load
bearing wall supports its
own weight as well as
super imposed loads
transferred to it through
floor or roof. A non load
bearing wall carries its
own weight and not any
super imposed load from
the structure. They are
called partition walls.

10.  Floors are flat supporting
elements that divide a
building into different
levels thereby creating
more accommodation on a
given plot in land. A floor
consists of two part–
Subfloor and Flooring.
Sub-floor supports all the
loads like dead and super
imposed while flooring is
covering layer of desired
specification provided
over the subfloor like
cement concrete, terrazzo
etc.

11.  Stair is a structure
comprising of a
number of steps
connecting one
floor to another .It
may be made of
timber, stone ,
brick, steel , etc

12. Doors is a barrier
secured in an
opening loft in a
wall to provide
means of access to
a building, room or
passage. A door
consists mainly
two components–
door frame and
door shutter.

13.  Window is an
opening left in a
wall for the
purpose of
providing day light
, vision and
ventilation. A
window has a
frame and one or
more shutter.

14.  Roof is the uppermost
component of a
building and its main
function is to cover
surface below and
protect it from rain,
wind , heat etc. Roof
has two component–
roof decking and roof
covering . A roof may
be flat or curved or
pitched in shape.

15.  It give appropriate
treatment to a
building like
plastering, pointing,
white washing,
painting varnishing
etc. It protects the
surface from
adverse effect of
weather and also
provide decorative
effect.

16.  Building services
include water
supply, drainage and
sanitation, lighting,
electricity, air
conditioning, fire
detection and fire
control , etc. A
building is useless
without these
services.

17.  Balcony is a horizontal cantilevered projection including a
hand rail or balustrade or serve as passage or sitting out
place.
 Bar sati is a habitable room on roof of the building with or
without toilet/ kitchen.
 Basement or cellar is the lower storey of a building
below or partly below ground level.
 Cabin is a room constructed with non load bearing
partition with adequate provision of light and ventilation.
 Chajja or sunshade is a sloping or horizontal structural
overhang actually provided over openings on external
wall for protection from sun, rain etc.
 Courtyard is an open area enclosed fully or partly by
building and may be ground level or any other level.
 Drainage is a system , constructed for removal and drain
any liquid like sewage , waste water, etc.
 Fire lift is specially designed lift for use by fire service.

18.  Gallery is an intermediate floor projecting from a wall of an auditorium
or a hall providing extra floor area , additional seating accommodation
etc.
 Garage is a portion of a building there of used for shelter , storage or
parking of a vehicle.
 Mezzanine floor is an intermediate floor between two floor levels above
ground floor and at least one side of it should form an integral part of
space floor/ below.
 Parapet is a low wall or railing build along the edge of roof or a floor.
 Mumti is a structure with a covering roof over a staircase for providing
protection from weather and not used for human habitation.
 Partition is a non load bearing wall , one storey part storey in height.
 Porch is a covered area supported on pillars or otherwise for the purpose
of pedestrian or vehicular approach to a building.
 Site or plot is a piece of land enclosed by definite boundaries.
 Covered area is ground area covered by the building immediately above
the plinth level.

19. ---MANISHA AGARWAL