2. Contents
Introduction
Berg Balance scale
Barthel Index
Functional Independence Measure
Action Research Arm Test
Functional Reach Test & Multi-directional Reach
Test
References
3. Introduction
Functional assessment measures an individuals
level of function and ability to perform
functional task.
Functional assessments evaluate specific things
such as grooming, bathing, dressing or more
general aspect such as quality of life.
4. Assessments have to be valid, reliable and
reproducible.
They can be self-administered questionnaires or
clinician administered.
5. Berg Balance Scale
• The berg balance scale is widely used clinical
test of person’s Static and Dynamic balance
abilities.
• Name after Katherine berg.
• Berg balance scale is generally considered to be
Gold Standard.
6. Used to objectively determine a patient’s ability
to safely balance during a series of
predetermined tasks.
14 items list
Each item consisting of a five point 0 to 4
7. 0 indicating the lowest level of function and 4
the highest level of function
It takes approximately 20 minutes to complete.
8.
9. Interpretation
Cut-off scores for the elderly were reported by
Berg et al 1992 as follows :
A score of 56 indicates functional balance.
A score of < 45 indicates individuals may be at
greater risk of falling.
12. Interrater Reliability:
For acute stroke)
=Excellent (ICC=0.95)
For chronic stroke:
=Excellent(ICC=0.98)
13. Concurrent( For acute stroke):
Excellent correlation with Postural
Assessment scale (r=0.92 to 0.95)
Predictive ( For acute stroke)
Excellent correlation with Motor
assessment scale (r=0.82 to 0.84)
14. Barthel Index
The Barthel Scale/Index (BI) is an ordinal
scale used to measure performance in activities
of daily living (ADL).
The Barthel Index measures the degree of
assistance required by an individual on 10 items
of mobility and self care ADL
15. Area of assessment: Activities of daily living
functional mobility gait
Assessment type: Performance measure
ICF Domain: Activity
Measurement Domain: Activity of daily living
motor
16. The Barthel includes 10 personal activities:
• Feeding,
• Personal Toileting,
• Bathing,
• Dressing And Undressing,
• Getting On And Off A Toilet,
17. • Controlling Bladder,
• Controlling Bowel,
• Moving From Wheelchair To Bed And
Returning,
• Walking On Level Surface (Or Propelling A
Wheelchair If Unable To Walk) And
• Ascending And Descending Stairs
18. Proposed guidelines for interpreting Barthel
scores are that scores of
0-20 indicate “total” dependency,
21-60 indicate “severe” dependency,
61-90 indicate “moderate” dependency
91-99 indicates “slight” dependency.
Note- the Barthel Index should not be used alone
for predicting outcomes.
23. Functional Independence Measure
Measure the level of patient’s disability &
Indicates how much assistance is required for
individual to carry out activities of daily living
Area of Assessment : Activities of daily living
Assessment type : Observer
24. It is an 18-item measurement tool that grouped
into 2 sub-scales- Motor and Cognition.
1)13 motor tasks
2) 5 cognitive tasks(considered basic activities of
daily living)
25. Motor subscales includes:
1)Eating
2)Grooming
3)Bathing
4)Dressing UL
5)Dressing LL
6)Toileting
29. No Helper
7. Complete Independence (Timely, Safety)
6. Modified Independence (Device)
Helper - Modified Dependence
5. Supervision (Subject = 100%)
4. Minimal Assistance (Subject = 75% or more)
3. Moderate Assistance (Subject = 50% or more)
Helper - Complete Dependence
2. Maximal Assistance (Subject = 25% or more)
1. Total Assistance or not Testable (Subject less than 25%)
30. Interpretation
Motor subscale(the sum of the individuals motor
subscale item) will be a value between 13 and
91.
Cognition subscale(the sum of individual
cognition subscale items) will be a value
between 5 and 35.
31. The total score for the FIM instrument(the sum
of motor and cognition subscale scores) will be a
value between 18 and 126.
32. STROKE
Criterion Validity(Predictive/Concurrent):
A) Predictive validity :FIM total score at admission
were found to be the most powerful prediction of
Montebello Rehabilitation factor score (beta
coefficient=0.42)
33. B) Concurrent :Excellent correlation between FIM
motor subscale & Barthel index
At admission (r=0.92)
At discharge (r=0.94)
34. Action Research Arm Test
The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19
item observational measure used by physical
therapists and other health care professionals to
assess upper extremity performance
(coordination, dexterity and functioning) in
stroke recovery, brain injury and multiple
sclerosis populations.
35. Items comprising the ARAT are categorized into
four subscales (grasp, grip, pinch and gross
movement) and arranged in order of decreasing
difficulty, with the most difficult task examined
first, followed by the least difficult task.
36. Area of assessment :Activities of daily living
:Co-ordination
:Dexterity
:UE Function
Assessment type : Observer
37. The 19 items comprising the ARAT are scored
using a 4 point ordinal scale, as follows:
0 = No movement
1 = Movement task is partially performed
38. 2 = Movement task is completed but takes
abnormally long
3 = Movement is performed normally
39.
40. Positioning
Standard positioning for the ARAT has the
subject seated upright in a chair with a firm back
and no armrests.
The head should be in a neutral position, with
feet in contact with the floor.
41. This body posture must be maintained
throughout the testing period, with the trunk
contacting the back of the chair.
Feedback is provided as required, to prevent the
subject from standing up, shifting laterally or
leaning forward.
45. Functional Reach Test
FRT was developed by Pamela Duncan and co-
workers in 1990
Defined as “The maximal distance one can reach
forward beyond arm’s length, while maintaining
a fixed base of support in the standing position.”
Used to assess dynamic balance in one simple
task.
46. This test measures the distance between the
length of an outstretched arm in a maximal
forward reach from a standing position, while
maintaining a fixed base of support.
It was developed to predict fall in elderly people;
being unable to reach more than 15 centimeters
(6 inches) depicts a high fall risk and frailty.
47. Area of Assessment:
1)Balance : Vestibular
2)Balance : Non-Vestibular
3)Functional Mobility
4)Vestibular
Assessment type : Performance measure
48.
49. Measurement Interpretation :
1) 10’’/25cm - Greater low risk of falls
2) 6’’/15cm to 10’’/25cm – Risk of falls is 2x
greater than normal
3) 6’’/15cm – Less risk of falling 4x greater than
normal
4) Unwilling to reach risk of falling 8x greater
than normal
50. Multi-directional reach test
Used to determine the limits of stability of
individual in 4 directions.
It measures how far an individual can voluntarily
reach, thereby shifting the COG to the limits of
the BOS with the feet stationary.
51.
52. References:
Duncan, P. W., D. K. Weiner, et al. (1990).
"Functional reach: a new clinical measure of
balance." J Gerontol 45(6): M192-197.
Wood-Dauphinee S, Berg K, Bravo G, Williams
JI: The Balance Scale: Responding to clinically
meaningful changes. Canadian Journal of
Rehabilitation, 10: 35-50,1997.
53. Susan B. O’Sullivan-Tomas J. Schmitz-George
D. Fulk : Sixth Edition
Rehabmeasure.com