2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
CONTROL CHARTS
The control chart is a graphical display
of a quality characteristic that has
been measured or computed from a
sample versus the sample number or
time.
The charts contains a central line,a
upper control limit and a lower control
limit.
3. TYPES OF CONTROL CHARTS
CONTROL
CHARTS
VARIABLE
X_bar,R
X_bar,S
SHEWHART
INDIVIDUAL
ATTRIBUTE
P-CHART
np-CHART
U-CHART
C-CHART
4. HEALTHCARE & CONTROL
CHART
Control chart
Aid in process understanding
Assess process stability
Identify changes indicating improvement
or
deteoriation in quality
Used in
Hospital process improvement projects
Accrediting bodies and governmental
agencies
Public health surveillance
5. CONTROL CHART FOR
NONCONFORMITIES(DEFECT)
The nonconfirming item is a unit of
product that doesnt satisfy the
specifications for that product.
Distinction between a defect and
defective is clear
Defect:-Any instance of the item’s
lack of conformity to specification.
Defective:-Item that fails to fulfil one
or more of the given specifications
6. WHAT IS C-CHART?
Originally proposed by Walter A.
Shewhart.
It is a control chart for
nonconformities.
Developed for total number of
nonconformities in a unit.
Underlying distribution-Poisson
distribution.
Two cases- 1.Standard given.
2.Standard not given.
7. C-CHART:STANDARD GIVEN
UCL =c+3√c.
Central line= c
LCL=c-3√c.
NOTE:
where c is the parameter of Poisson
distribution.
If LCL comes negative, take it as 0.
8. C-CHART:STANDARD NOT
GIVEN
Let ci be the c value for the sample taken
from the ith subgroup(i=1(1)n).Then the
appropriate estimate of c will be
c’=∑ ci /n.
UCL= c’+3√c’.
CENTRAL LINE= c’.
LCL= c’-3√c’.
9. NOTE:
c’ is the estimated value of the
poisson parameter. c’ may be estimated
as the observed average number of
nonconformities in a preliminary sample
of inspection units.
When no standard is given, the control
limits in equation should be regarded as
trial control limits.
10. 26 Samples -516 total nonconformities
c’=516/26=19.85
UCL=c’+3√c’=19.85+3√19.85=33.22
Centre Line=c’=19.85
LCL=c’-3√c’=19.85-3√19.85=6.48
EXAMPLE…
11. After removing the two out of control points ,
The estimate of c is now computed as
c’=472/24=19.67
Revised control limits:-
UCL=c’+3√c’=19.67+3√19.67=32.97
Centre Line=c’=19.67
LCL=c’-3√c’= 19.67-3√19.67=6.36
14. USE OF C-CHART IN HEALTH
CARE
Attribute data involves-
-counts(no.of falls per day).
--proportions(proportion of patients
receiving right antibiotics).
-rate(the number of falls per 1000
patient-days).
• For counts we use c-chart.
15. CONCLUSION
Defect or nonconformity data are always
more informative than fraction
nonconforming,
Widely used in transactional and service
business applications of statistical
process control.
The limitation of c chart is that it takes
samples of constant size where in reality
it might not be so.In case of variable
sample size we use the u charts that
gives us the no.of defects per unit i.e
u=c/n.
usually be several different types of nonconformities. By analyzing the nonconformities by type, we can often gain considerable insight into their cause.
In effect, we can treat errors in those environments the same as we treat defects or nonconformities in the manufacturing world. To give just a few examples, we can plot errors on engineering drawings, errors on plans and documents, and errors in computer software as c charts.