Article

1. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE
www.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: haniza@fsmt.upsi.edu.my
Indian J. Anim. Res., 53(1) 2019: 24-27
Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555
Reproductive performance of different goat breeds in Malaysia
Mohammed Muayad TA, Haniza M.Z.H.* and Husni I.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics,
University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
Received: 12-08-2016 Accepted: 18-10-2016 DOI: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7002
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device in three goat breeds
of Malaysia using Artificial Insemination (AI), on the reproductive performance, which included; Estrus Synchronization
(ES), pregnancy, singleton, twin, and mortality rate. Sixty goats were divided in to treatment group (TRE: n = 30) which
received CIDR for 9 days and AI was done on 10th
day, and a control group (CON: N = 30). Three goat breed, namely,
Kambing Katjang (KK), Boer and Jamnapari, (n = 20 to each strain), were used in this study. . . Data were analyzed to
determine the effects of CIDR and strain on the reproductive performance of goats. ANOVA or T-test were used to analyze
data for the effects ofCIDRand breed. Finding showed the using ofCIDRand breed mayeffect of reproductive performance.
Results indicated that the CIDR can be used to activate the reproductive system, accelerate estrus cycle, and increase twin
rates. Boer strain that might help to improve herd production by producing twins.
Key words: Boer, CIDR, Goats, Jamnapari, Kambing Katjang, Reproductive performance.
Raising high-qualitygoat breeds mainlydetermines
the success of commercial goat production. As such, a
number of exotic goat breeds are imported and bred locally
to satisfy the demand of the industry (Ariff et al., 2010).
The level of reproductive performance depends on
the interaction of genetic and environmental factors (Riera,
1982). Goats are considered to be the most fertile among
domesticated ruminants under tropical conditions and are
able to breed throughout the year (Mamabolo and Webb,
2005). Generally, goats exhibit distinctive seasonal patterns
of reproductive activity in the temperate region. In tropical
regions, the breeding period of goats spans throughout the
year and is dependent on latitude, climate, food availability,
breed, and breeding system (Khan et al., 2008).
Different reproductive technologies have been
developed to address the increasing demand for animal
products (Gordon, 2005).
The length of cycle and duration of estrus is highly
variable in goats (Romano, 1993), therefore, synchronization
of ovulation time is essential to ensure acceptable
reproductive rates during fixed-time artificial insemination
(Fierro et al., 2013) and to achieve this intravaginal devices
impregnated with progesterone or other progestagens have
been used (Abecia et al., 2012).
Use of AI and estrus synchronization reduce the
cost of maintaining bucks, improve germplasm and
several does can be inseminated at a time (Chris and Robert
2014).
Therefore, the present study was planned to
evaluate the effectiveness of CIDR device on reproductive
performance in three goat breeds of Malaysia.
Animals and location of experiments: Sixty goats of three
indigenous breeds, KK, Boer and Jamnapari maintained at
Alhilmi Farm, Slim River, Perak, Malaysia under the
supervision of the Biology Department, Faculty of Science
and Mathematics, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris were
used. Before start of experiment, the animals were fed and
handled by research workers for two weeks to avoid any
kind of stress. Nine bucks were also maintained at the same
farm and their semen was used for AI of the treated females
and liquid semen was used for insemination of control
animals
Experimental design: Twenty goats from each breed were
randomly selected (n=60) and these were divided in to
treatment group (n=30; ten animals of each breed) and
control group (n=30; ten animals ofeach breed). The females
of the treatment group received CIDR containing 0.3 g of
progesterone, inserted in vagina and kept in situ for 9 days
whereas the control group animals did not receive any
treatment. Animals of both the groups were monitored for
the occurrence of estrus based on the appearance of estrus
signs, including vaginal secretions, vagina lining congestion,
vulva swelling (Bearden et al., 2004).
Artificial insemination (AI): In treated goats AI was done
24 h after CIDR removal, whereas the animals of control
groups which exhibited estrus were inseminated with diluted

2. Volume 53 Issue 1 (January 2019) 25
semen containing 300 × 106
spermatozoa, 24 h after estrus
detection.
Repeat the experiments: The experiment was conducted
in March 2014 then repeated one-year later (in March 2015)
Statistical analysis: The data was subjected to statistical
analysis using SPSS for analyzing data among groups.
Individual parameters were assessed byT-Test andANOVA
todetermine the effects ofCIDRand breed variations. When
significant differences were detected, Tukey’s post-hoc
follow-up test or Dunnett’s test was employed to detect
significant differences within or among groups, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Estrus synchronization: In the present study a high
percentage of treated females (90%) exhibited heat signs
within 24 h after CIDR removal (Table 1) Similar estrus
response was reported by Omontese et al. (2013) and the
results are in consistent with the findings of. Leboeuf et al.,
(2003) and Freitas et al., (2004) whotreated goats with CIDR
under temperate and tropical conditions respectively.
In the present experiment about 70 % of the treated
goats conceived which is in agreement with the findings of
Motlomelo et al. (2002) who treated Boer goats with CIDR,
however the pregnancy rates were slightlyhigher than those
reported by; Leboeuf et al. (2008) who recorded 65%
pregnancy rate and it may be attributed to use of cervical
insemination.
Singleton rate: In the present study, singleton kidding rate
was not significantly affected and a similar reproductive
performance was reported in Sudanese Nubian goats
synchronized with intravaginal sponges or cloprostenol by
Ahmed et al., (1998). Similar tothat of present low singleton
in Boer, Greyling (2000), alsoreported a significantlylower
singletons rate in this breed (Table 2).
Twin rate: In the present study, a higher twin rate was
observed in treated females and in Boer strain. This result
ofthe present studywas contrarytothe findings ofNasroallah
et al. (2011), who concluded that kidding rate was not
significantlyaffected by synchronization methods. However,
similar results were also reported byThatcher et al., (2001);
Safdarian et al., (2006). and it has been observed that under
intensive conditions, Boer goat did successfullyraise twins
(Naude and Hofmeyr, 1981).
Mortality rate: Results of overall mortality rate in present
study were higher than those of Sabapara and Deshpande,
(2010); Dohare et al., (2013), who recorded overall mortality
rates of 8.42% and 10.20%, respectively, in goats under field
conditions.
The data analysis showed that the mortality was
highest (15.87%) during 0-3 months ofage and subsequently
it declined (Table 3). This might be due to less immunity in
kids, which leads to disease and ultimately mortality.
However, the incidence waslower than that reported bySingh
et al. (2009) and Dohare et al. (2013), whorecorded 39.29%
mortilityduring 0-3 months of age. A 12.7% mortality rate
observed in Jamnapari goats was lower thanthat reported by
Singh et al. (2009).
Table 1: Effect of treatment with CIDR on the reproductive efficiency of goats.
Treatment ES Pregnancy singleton Twin
TRE (n=30) 0.9 ± 0.305 a
0.73 ± 0.449 a
0.5 ± 0.508 a
0.35 ± 0.430 a
CON (n=30) 0 ± 0.000 0.73 ± 0.449 a
0.67 ± 0.479 a
0.05 ± 0.182 b
Values in the same column with different letters differ (P < 0.05).
Table 2: Effect of breed variation on the reproductive efficiency of goats.
Strain ES Pregnancy singleton Twin
KK (n=20) 0.9 ± 0.510 a
0.7 ± 0.470 a
0.7 ± 0.470 a
0 ± 0.000 c
Boer (n=20) 1.0 ± 0.513 a
0.75 ± 0.444 a
0.4 ± 0.502 b
0.3 ± 0.470 a
Jamnapari(n=20) 0.8 ± 0.503 a
0.75 ± 0.444 a
0.65 ± 0.489 a
0.1 ± 0.308 b
Values in the same column with different letters differ (P < 0.05).
Table 3: Kids’ mortality of different breeds, ages and sex.
Breed New Birth Singleton Twin
Male Female
1st
day 1st
month 3rd
month 5th
month 1st
day 1st
month 3rd
month 5th
month
KK 24 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Boer 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jamnapari 21 1 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 0
Total 63 3 a
3 a
1 c
1 c
3 a
0 d
0 d
2 b
0
Values in the same row with different letters differ (P < 0.05).

3. 26 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH
The mortality rate in present study was affected
by sex and similarly Debele et al. (2011) and Dohare et
al. (2013) recorded a higher mortality rate in females than
males.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that a 9-day treatment with
intravaginal CIDRs can efficiently control and
synchronize the estrous cycle with improving reproductive
performance of goats in Malaysia, particularly in Boer
goats and this breed can be utilized even in more intensive
production systems for animal productions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge the invaluable
contribution of Alhilmi Farm, Slim River, Perak, Malaysia
and the Biology Department, Faculty of Science and
Mathematics, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris in
accomplishing this study.
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