Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

Features of mediated discourse
A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
Mario Bisiada
Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED)
Research seminar
11 December 2015

Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Table of Contents
1 Editing and translation
Manuscripts in corpus research
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Corpus details & study objectives
2 Passive voice and discourse structure
English-German contrasts
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

Editorial influence in translation
Translated text

Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Manuscript
translation
Published
translation

Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1 Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2 Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor
Copyediting Editor
Publication Structural editing Editor
Content editing Editor
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)

Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1 Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2 Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor |
Copyediting Editor |
Publication Structural editing Editor |
Content editing Editor ∨
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)

Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)

“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)

“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)

“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)

“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)
⇒ process-based research, revision studies

Cognitive approaches to studying translated language
process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves
& Vale 2011)
studies of self-revision (Brunette et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;
Künzli 2005)

& Vale 2011)
Künzli 2005)
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources

& Vale 2011)
Künzli 2005)
neglects linguistic changes made during editing

& Vale 2011)
Künzli 2005)
neglects linguistic changes made during editing
Main argument
Editors exert influence on translated language
→ corpus research should draw on manuscripts

Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
Main research lines into editing

Applications
UPF translation research (on literary texts: Sinner 2012; on
sentence splitting: Bisiada 2014; on French–Spanish
translation: Andújar Moreno Forthcoming; on mediation
universals: Bisiada Forthcoming)

Applications
1 readability studies

Applications
1 readability studies
2 “mediated discourse”

Research line: Editing and readability

“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”

“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”
Automatisms in copyediting (Bisaillon 2007; Robert 2014)
minimise reflection time for grammar/syntax problems
50%–75% of recorded editing: immediate solutions

⇒ pursuing readability with little reflection for discourse matters?

Does editing improve readability?

Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992

before and after peer review/editing process

Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)

contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing

contract: 18)
published texts longer by 2.6%

contract: 18)
does this reflect peer review or editing?

contract: 18)
does this reflect peer review or editing?
→ No evidence in favour – more studies are needed!

Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?

“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)

“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing...= rewriting (“mediated discourse”)

→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”

→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”→ “mediation universals”

Are there “mediation universals”?

“in some sense, all writing is
co-authored” (Schindler &
Wolfe 2014: 160)

“in some sense, all writing is
co-authored” (Schindler &
Wolfe 2014: 160)
don’t most texts report on
some event or discourse?
Which communication is not
constrained/mediated?

Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text

1.2 million word corpus
translations Afrikaans–English
edited & unedited English non-translations

academic, instructional, popular and reportage texts

→ no evidence of shared “mediation effect”
translators favour “explicit and standardised language”
editors “introduce collocational variety”

→ no evidence of shared “mediation effect”
translators favour “explicit and standardised language”
editors “introduce collocational variety”
drawback: no edited translations studied

Editing and translation
Some conclusions
editors make structural changes without much reflection
→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the
sentence

Editing and translation
Some conclusions
editors make structural changes without much reflection
→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the
sentence
Editing and translating are different mediation processes
→ should be studied separately
“mediated discourse” too widely applicable to be useful

Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process →
published translations may differ significantly from manuscripts.

Current study
→ Studying published translations alone may yield misleading
results in studying features of translated language

Current study
→ Studying published translations alone may yield misleading
results in studying features of translated language
Three items of study
sentence splitting (see Bisiada 2014)
grammatical metaphor (nominalisations)
passive constructions

ModevigTrad
ModevigTrad
Title Evidencialidad y epistemicidad en textos de géneros
discursivos evaluativos. Análisis contrastivo y
traducción (FFI2014-57313-P)
PI Montserrat González Condom
Genre Discourse genres that show a high degree of
metaphorical language and modalisation
Supported by the
Spanish Ministry of Economy
and Competitiveness

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
articles
Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words

Corpus details
Corpus architecture
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words
Published translations (German) – 104,448 words

How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]

How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]
What do they look for?
“...formulieren [wir] Substantivierungen und Passivkonstruktionen
um...”
[‘...we reformulate nominalisations and passive constructions...’]

1 Editing and translation
2 Passive voice and discourse structure
3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives

Passive voice and discourse structure
Passive voice changes the mapping of the roles of Actor, Process and
Goal “onto the interpersonal functions in the modal structure of the
clause” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 182).

Active
Theme Rheme
The owl caught the mouse.
Actor Process Goal

Active
Theme Rheme
The owl caught the mouse.
Actor Process Goal
Passive
Theme Rheme
The mouse was caught by the owl.
Goal Process Actor

English-German contrasts I
English-German passive contrasts
English German
Any participant can become the
subject
Only participants that are direct
objects in active can become the
subject of the passive sentence
(Teich 2003: 96)
Strict word order → passive ma-
jor option to assign roles
Freer word order through case
markings → more options to as-
sign theme role (Kunz 2010: 164)
No restriction on Actors Actor/subject conflation only
for animate/conscious entities
(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts I
During their initial training, employees are given the freedom to
make judgment calls.
In den Einführungskur-
sen wird Mitarbeitern
gestattet, nach eigenem
Gutdünken zu entscheiden.
Schon in der Einarbeitungs-
phase dürfen Mitarbeiter
selbstständig entscheiden.
[‘In the introductory courses,
it is permitted for employees
to decide for themselves.’]
[‘As early as the initial train-
ing, employees may decide
autonomously.’]

English-German contrasts II
English German
subject
(Teich 2003: 96)
(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts II
The legitimacy to chart such a radical path forward is not
conferred by title alone; it must be earned.
Die Legitimation für die Be-
schreitung eines derart radi-
kalen Wegs ist nicht allein
durch einen Titel gegeben;
sie muss verdient werden.
Das Recht, einen derart ra-
dikalen Weg zu beschreiten,
erwirbt man sich nicht allein
durch den Titel eines CEOs;
es muss verdient werden.
[‘The legitimation for chart-
ing such a radical path is not
conferred by title alone; it
must be earned.’]
[‘One does not earn the right
to chart such a radical path
by title of a CEO alone; it
must be earned.’]

English-German contrasts III
English German
subject
(Teich 2003: 96)
(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts III
Source text3
To solve such problems, plants have evolved two strategies which
they superimpose upon photosynthesis.
Target text
Zur Lösung solcher Probleme haben sich bei den Pflanzen zwei
Mechanismen herausgebildet, von denen die Photosynthese über-
lagert wird.
[‘For the solution of this problem, two mechanisms have evolved in
plants by which photosynthesis becomes overlaid.’]
3
Example taken from Steiner (2004: 145).

The voice system and the textual metafunction
The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of
participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the
Theme of a sentence.

The voice system and the textual metafunction
The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of
participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the
Theme of a sentence.
Voice system, Theme/Rheme
serve to structure discourse according to given and new
information
part of the textual metafunction in SFL (Eggins 2004: 296)

The textual metafunction and metaphoricity
The textual metafunction (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 30)
Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [...]
build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow
and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.

The textual metafunction and metaphoricity
The textual metafunction (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 30)
Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [...]
build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow
and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.
decreased use of textual metafunction
↓
incongruency (metaphorical use)

Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”

Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...

Ideational
that...
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses

Ideational
that...
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
I think it’s going to
rain.
It is probably going to
rain.

Ideational
that...
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
rain.
rain.
→ modal expression
shifted outside the
clause

Ideational
that...
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
rain.
rain.
→ modal expression
shifted outside the
clause
Textual
Not defined by
Halliday &
Matthiessen (2004)

manipulating the voice system
by selecting active or passive
constructions
creating a texture that exhibits
a “marked information focus”
(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:
232)
may metaphorise the text

manipulating the voice system
by selecting active or passive
constructions
creating a texture that exhibits
a “marked information focus”
(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:
232)
may metaphorise the text
→ But are passive constructions textual metaphors?

What makes textual metaphor?
An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)
Medium = subject; medium = complement
Agent = subject
→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and
Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)

What makes textual metaphor?
An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)
Medium = subject; medium = complement
Agent = subject
→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and
Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)
Active/Passive dichotomy too simple
Is “thematic tension” not rather caused by unexpected
Theme/Rheme progression?

Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning

→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.

To what extent do translators metaphorise their texts?

→ “here the process of re-metaphorisation is cut short below the
degree to which it might otherwise go” (Steiner 2001: 15)

→ “here the process of re-metaphorisation is cut short below the
degree to which it might otherwise go” (Steiner 2001: 15)
⇒ lower frequency of metaphorisation in translations (2001: 11)

Passive use and textual metaphor: examples
Source text (active) Target text (passive)
We have disguised all names
and other identifying informa-
tion about the people and their
company.
Die Namen und andere Daten,
anhand derer die Mitarbeiter
identifiziert werden könnten,
wurden geändert.

Passive use and textual metaphor: examples
Source text (active) Target text (passive)
We have disguised all names
and other identifying informa-
tion about the people and their
company.
Die Namen und andere Daten,
anhand derer die Mitarbeiter
identifiziert werden könnten,
wurden geändert.
↑
Metaphorical?

When something happens at
work, it immediately triggers
cognitive, emotional, and motiva-
tional processes.
Wenn auf der Arbeit ein Ereignis
eintritt, werden automatisch Pro-
zesse im Zusammenhang mit Ko-
gnition, Emotion und Motivation
ausgelöst.
Depending on what happens with
these cognitive and emotional
processes, motivation can shift.
Abhängig davon, was mit diesen
kognitiven und emotionalen Pro-
zessen geschieht, kann sich die
Motivation ändern.
We discerned these processes in
the diaries of every team we stud-
ied and in most of the people who
worked on those teams.
Diese Prozesse ließen sich in den
Tagebüchern aller untersuchten
Teams und bei fast allen Teammit-
gliedern finden.

Some conclusions
Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent

Some conclusions
Are passive constructions harder to process?

Some conclusions
No clear answer given, variable hard
to isolate (overview in Rhodes 1997)

Some conclusions
No clear answer given, variable hard
to isolate (overview in Rhodes 1997)
using passive forms increases
... reading time (Müller-Feldmeth
et al. 2015: 251)
... processing difficulty (Gorin 2005)

used increasingly often in professional and scientific discourse
to keep language economical
more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English
ones (Teich 2003: 181)

3 passive alternatives studied
impersonalisation man

modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb

modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb
modal infinitives sein + infinitive phrase

1. man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen.
One cannot open this door.

1. man
On ne peut pas ouvrir cette porte.

1. man
On ne peut pas ouvrir cette porte.
No se puede abrir esta puerta.

2. Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht.
?The text reads easily.

2. Modal passive
The bunkhouse sleeps ten.

2. Modal passive
The surface cleans easily with soap and water.

2. Modal passive
The surface cleans easily with soap and water.
El texto se lee fácilmente.

Passive alternatives: Modal passive
Customer equity has the added benefit of being a good proxy for the value
of the firm.
Die Betrachtung des Werts der
Kunden hat einen weiteren Vor-
teil, denn an ihm lässt sich gut
der Wert des Unternehmens ab-
lesen.
Wer den Wert der Kunden be-
trachtet, erhält auch Informa-
tionen über den Wert des Unter-
nehmens.
[‘Considering customer equity
has another benefit because the
value of the company can be
read from it.’]
[‘He who considers the value of
the client also receives informa-
tion about the value of the com-
pany.’]

3. Modal infinitive
Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. (passive)
The task is to be solved by 3 o’clock.

3. Modal infinitive
Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.

3. Modal infinitive
Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.
“El futuro es para ser vivido, nada está preestablecido” —Luke
Skywalker (“The future is to be lived” → translationese?)

Passive alternatives: Modal infinitive
Having articulated the value proposition for the customer, companies
must then consider the key processes needed to deliver that value.
Sobald das Nutzenversprechen
für den Kunden steht, ist zu
überlegen, welche Schlüssel-
prozesse erforderlich sind, um
[...].
Sobald das Nutzenversprechen
für den Kunden definiert ist,
sollte überlegt werden, wel-
che Schlüsselprozesse erforder-
lich sind, um [...].
[‘As soon as the value proposi-
tion for the customer stands, it
is to be considered which key
processes are required to .’]
[‘As soon as the value proposi-
tion for the customer is defined,
it should be considered which
key processes are required to .’]

Mean normalised frequency
TR TR+ED ED
22
24
26
28
30
32
28.26
25.43 25.34
Instancesper10,000words
n = 27
error bars: SE
F(2,78)=0.39,
p > 0.05

Mean normalised frequencies separated
modal inf.
man
modal passive
TR TR+ED ED
0
10
20
30
Instancesper10,000words
man:
F(2,78)=7.96,
p < 0.001
modal inf.:
F(2,78)=12.26,
p < 0.001

Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Frequency of linking adverbials
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Degree of unconventional language use
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
Frequency of lexical bundles
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
3 Simplification

1 Explicitation
translation
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity

1 Explicitation
translation
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity
Mean word and sentence length

1 Explicitation (No difference)
translation
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity

translation
2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED diff. to TR and TR+ED)
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity

translation
2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED diff. to TR and TR+ED)
3 Simplification (TR different to TR+ED and ED)
Lexical diversity

Possible Hypotheses
Mediation universals
little support for mediation universals

Possible Hypotheses
normalisation/conservatism confirmed as translation universal

Possible Hypotheses
normalisation/conservatism confirmed as translation universal
editors’ influence strongest in simplification universal
→ readability

Possible Hypotheses
Passive constructions
greater amount of modal passives in translations

Possible Hypotheses
non-translated German articles use man more often

Possible Hypotheses
→ due to source texts? (more passive/modality in English?)

Possible Hypotheses
→ due to source texts? (more passive/modality in English?)
→ differing perception of man/modal forms (acceptability,
formality...)?

Current work: true passives
Open questions
Are passive forms textual metaphors?

Current work: true passives
Open questions
Are passive forms textual metaphors?
How about middle passives?

Community peer review session
Join my Academia.edu discussion
https://www.academia.edu/s/ba9ea02c95
read the full paper reporting the study of mediation universals
help improve the paper by commenting on the draft

Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
mario.bisiada@upf.edu
@MBisiada
Slides:
mariobisiada.de/talks.html

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