This document summarizes an annotated translation research study conducted by Wahyu Budi. The study translated a document on how to succeed as a freelance translator from English to Indonesian. The researcher identified 167 difficulties during translation and analyzed the 25 most difficult examples. Thirteen of 30 translation strategies and 5 of 13 translation principles were used in the analysis. The study concluded that not all strategies and principles could be employed due to analyzing a limited number of examples, but analyzing more examples may have identified use of additional strategies and principles. The implications were that translation requires mastery of both source and target languages as well as translation theories and computer software.

1. An Annotated Translation of
How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator
Wahyu Budi, S.S.
English Department, Faculty of Letters, Gunadarma University, Jakarta
wahyu_insignia@yahoo.com
2016
ABSTRACT
This research is an annotated translation. The problems of this research are: (1) What are
the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the process of translation?
(2) How are those difficulties solved? The aims of this research are: (1) To attain factual
information concerning the difficulties faced by the researcher/translator while translating
the source text, (2) To find out the plausible solution by referring to the principles of
translation, the translation strategies, the theories of translation, and the theories of both
the Indonesian language as well as the English language. The methods of the research
are: (1) the introspective and retrospective methods, (2) the sampling method is
purposefully randomly. From the 167 data collected, the researcher purposefully selected
the most difficult data which amount to 45 data; from these 45 data, the researcher has
randomly chosen 25 data to be analysed. The results of this research are: (1) only five out
of the thirteen principles of translation were employed in this research, i.e. Meaning, Style
and Clarity, Form, Register, and Idiom; (2) thirteen out of thirty translation strategies
were applied in this research, i.e. Transposition (2 data), Unit Shift (2 data), Phrasal Verb
(2 data), Idiom (2 data), Information Change (2 data), Loan (2 data), Calque (2 data),
Explicitness Change (2 data), Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data), Antonymy (2
data), Cohesion Change (1 data), and Clause Structure Change (2 data). The finding of
this research is that not all of the thirteen principles of translation and the thirty translation
strategies are employed because there are only twenty five data analysed.
Keywords: annotated translation, introspective, retrospective, principles of translation,
translation strategies, theories of translation

2. 1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Research
The researcher/translator conducted a research with the topic of An
Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator written by
Corinne McKay. The researcher/translator intends to find out the difficulties there
are during the process of translation from English into Indonesian. These
difficulties are in several aspects, for instance, grammatical, lexical, cultural, as
well as idiomatic which then will be analyzed and given plausible reasons for the
translation.
Relevant Researches
Many researches have been conducted in annotated translation which are
in a way relevant to the current research. Previous researches that are related to
this research are: 1) Nurlaila (2014). She carried out an annotated translation for
her master thesis in Gunadarma University, entitled An Annotated Translation of
Plato: Timaeus and Critias a new translation by Robin Waterfield; 2) Fuspita
(2012). She wrote a thesis for her Magister Humaniora at the University of
Indonesia entitled Terjemahan Beranotasi Buku Anak Adventure Lands ke Bahasa
Indonesia; 3) Kefaya Adeeb Hafeth Saleh (2011). She wrote a thesis entitled
“Translating Restaurants’ Menus from English to Arabic: Problems and
Strategies”.

3. Problems of the Research
The problems of this research are formulated as follows:
1. What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the
process of translation?
2. How are those difficulties solved in the translation?
Purposes of the Research
Based on the problems mentioned above, the purposes of this research are:
1. Finding out the difficulties/problems coming up when translating the source
text.
2. Solving the difficulties/problems that the researcher/translator come across
when translating the source text.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews all related translation literature. These are
definitions of translation, principles of translation, translation strategies, theories of
translation, and theories of languages used in this research.
Most definitions of translation suggested by experts share the same idea of
translation in general. Catford (1965) stated that the definition of translation is “... the
replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in
another language (TL)” (p. 20). In conducting this research, the researcher/translator
applies principles of translation suggested by Duff (1990, pp. 10-11) namely meaning,
form, register, source language influence, style and clarity, and idiom. Translation

4. strategies employed in this research are taken and adopted from Chesterman (2000, p.87-
116). The theories applied in this research are:
1. Theories of Transposition
Munday (2008) stated that “Transposition. This is a change of one part of
speech for another without changing the sense” (p.57).
2. Theories of Unit Shift
Catford (1965) stated that “By unit shift we can mean changes of rank--
that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation
equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL as a unit of different rank in the
TL” (p. 79).
3. Theories of Phrasal Verb
Hervey et al. (2005) found the following:
A phrasal verb forms a combination with an adverbial
particle. For example turn down, call up, dust off, catch
on.
……………………………………………………
In all the examples we have looked at, the versions with
prepositional or phrasal verbs more concise, arguably
more concrete and dynamic, but also more
impressionistic, less practice (p. 164).

5. 4. Theories of Idiom
Baker (1982) stated that:
Idioms … are at the extreme end of the scale from
collocations in one or both of these areas: flexibility of
patterning and transparency of meaning. They are frozen
patterns of language which allow little or no variation in
form and, in the case of idioms, often carry meanings
which cannot be deduced from their individual
components. (p. 63)
5. Theories of Information Change
Newmark (1988) stated that:
The additional information a translator may have to add to
his version is normally cultural (accounting for difference
between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic)
or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is
dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the
original, readership.
.......................................................................................
Additional information in the translation may take various
forms:
.......................................................................................
(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred
word... (pp. 91-92).

6. 6. Theories of Loan
Newmark (1988) stated that “the literal translation of common
collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds and
perhaps phrases, is known as calque or loan translation” (p.84)
7. Theories of Calque
Hatim and Munday (2004) stated that “a calque is a special kind of
borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another,
but then translates literally each of its elements” (p. 149).
8. Theories of Implicitness Change
Larson (1998) found the following:
In every text that one may want to translate, there will be
information which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an explicit
form in the text itself. Some information, or meaning, is left
implicit because of the structure of the source language; some
because it has already been included elsewhere in the text, and
some because of shared information in the communication
situation. However, the implicit information is part of the
meaning intended to be understood by the original writer. (p. 38)

7. 9. Theories of Expansion
Nida and Taber (1969) stated that “some expressions, however, are so
semantically condensed in the source language text that they often
require considerable expansion in the receptor language” ( p. 167).
10. Theories of Compression
Nida and Taber (1982) stated that in types of reduction, “There are quite
naturally some expressions which are reduced in the process of transfer
from one language to another” (p.168).
11. Theories of Antonym
Larson (1998) stated that:
Lexical equivalents may also sometimes be found through
the use of negating antonym. There may be no direct
equivalent in the receptor language, but there may be
lexical item with an exact opposite meaning and by
negating this, the desired meaning may be obtained. (p.
173)
13. Theories of Clause Structure Change
Larson (1998) stated that “It is not uncommon that passive constructions
will need to be translated with an active construction or vice versa,
depending on the natural form of the receptor language” (pp. 21-22).

8. 14. Theories of Cohension Device
Larson (1984) found the following that:
There are many devices which give cohesion to a text.
The particular device which is used, and even the ways in
which they are used, will vary from language to language.
Such cohesion devices as pronouns,… if translated one-
for-one from the source language into the receptor
language, will almost certainly distort the meaning
intended by the original author. (p. 394)
3. RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter describes the research methods, the research procedure, the source of
the data, the definition of terms, and the collection of the data.
3.1 Research methods
Introspective and retrospective methods are included in this annotated
translation study.
3.2 Research Procedure
The procedure of this research will be as follows:
1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content.
2) Independently, the researcher/translator translates the source text into Indonesian (the
source text is in English).

9. 3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher/translator regularly consults
his advisor to discuss problems he encountered referring to the task undertaken.
4) At the same time, researcher/translator marks down the items, grammatical, lexical,
cultural, and stylistic, that have become problems in the process of translating the text
(data).
5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher/translator then gives
plausible reasons to the solving of these problems.
6) Among the problems found during the process of the translation, the
researcher/translator has taken only the most difficult problems.
3.3 Source of the Data
The source of the data in this research is a book entitled How to Succeed as a
Freelance Translator by Corinne McKay which was published by Two Rat Press in 2006.
This book is translated by the researcher/translator himself into Bahasa Indonesia.
3.4 Definition of Terms
There are some terms that will be defined in this sub-chapter related to this
research:
1. Annotated translation. This research applies the term of annotated translation.
William Chesterman (2002) explained that “a translation with commentary (or
annotated translation) is a form of introspective and retrospective research where
you yourself translate a text and, at the same time, write a commentary on your own
translation process” (p. 7).

10. 2. Problem and Difficulty. In this study, the term ‘problem’ is interchangeable with
the term ‘difficulty’. While translating the text, the researcher/translator encounters
difficulty in rendering English source text into Indonesian. This difficulty is, at the
same time, the problem the researcher/translator is facing.
3. Annotation and Analysis. Annotation and analysis are interchangeable in this
research. Annotation here means the analysis of certain aspects of the language that
becomes a problem for the researcher/translator.
4. Data. The term data in this research refers to the collected items of language that
are difficult and become problems for the researcher/translator during translation.
5. Most difficult: In this research, most difficult means that looking for the equivalents
of the source text needs very much effort.
6. Researcher and Translator. The researcher and translator are interchangeable,
because in this study the researcher and the translator are the same person.
7. Random sampling. In this research, random sampling means that the chosen data
are taken at random. Each datum has a chance to be chosen.
8. Purposeful. In this study, purposeful means all the data chosen are the most
difficult data to be analyzed.
9. Commentary. The commentary in this research means annotation and analysis.

11. 4. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
4.1. Annotations and Analysis
In the process of translating the source text, the researcher/translator has found
difficulties/problems and these difficulties/problems has become the data. The researcher/
translator has collected 167 data. Of those collected data, 25 data are taken to be analyzed.
4.2 Synthesis
The result of the analysis is synthesized as follows. Of the 167 data found during the
process of translation, the researcher/translator has analyzed the 25 data which are the
most difficult ones. The translation strategies used for analyzing these 25 data are:
1. Syntactic Strategies
1) Unit Shift (2 data)
2) Clause Structure Change: Active to Passive (2 data)
3) Loan, Calque (2 data loan, 2 data calque)
4) Transposition (2 data)
5) Cohesion Change (1 Datum)
2. Semantic Strategies
1) Antonymy (2 data)
2) Distribution Change: Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data)
3) Paraphrase: Idiom (2 data), Phrasal Verb (2 data)
3. Pragmatic Strategies
1) Information Change (2 data)
2) Explicitness Change: Explicit to Implicit (2 data)

12. The principles of translation used for analyzing these 25 data are:
1. Meaning (8 data)
2. Idiom (4 data)
3. Form (2 data)
4. Style and Clarity (9 data)
5. Registers (2 data)
4.3 Findings
The analysis of the data was based on the principles of translation according to
Duff (1990, pp. 10-11) and translation strategies according to Chesterman (2000, pp. 87-
116). All in all there are 30 translation strategies and 13 principles of translation. Based
on the result of the analysis, it was found that not all of the 30 translation strategies and
the 13 principles of translation were used. Only 13 translation strategies and 5 principles
of translation were used because there were only 25 data analyzed. It means that
supposing the researcher had analyzed more than 25 data, all the translation strategies and
all the principles of translation might have been employed.
4.4 Implication of the research
The implication of this research is that translation involves at least two languages,
namely English and Indonesian, as such: (1) the researcher/translator should master the
English language as well as the Indonesian language; (2) the researcher/translator should
master the theories of translation, including principles of translation and translation
strategies, as well as the theories of both languages; (3) the researcher/translator should
be competent in using computer software, especially Microsoft Office; (4) a translator
works alone and has no friends, the only friends the translator has are dictionaries.

13. 5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
Based on the findings, the researcher found that several translation strategies and
the principles of translation were not used because it depended on the problems faced by
the researcher/translator in the translation process. There were seven translation strategies
which were not used in this research, they were; 1) Phrase structure change. The reason
why this strategy was not used was that there were no changes at the level of phrases,
including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, person, tense and
mode in the verb phrase. 2) Sentence structure change. This strategy was not used because
there were no changes between main-clause and sub-clause status and sub-clause types
in the translation process. 3) Level shift. This strategy was not employed because there
were no changes in the level shift of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis because
there was no equivalent phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis in the target text found
during the translation process. 4) Scheme change. This strategy was not used because
rhetorical schemata, such as parallelism, alliteration, metrical rhythm and rhyming were
not found during the translation process. 5) Converses. This strategy is not used because
the opposing viewpoints were not found in during the translation process. 6) Abstraction
change. The reason why this strategy is not used is because the researcher/translator could
not find sentences which should be translated from abstract to concrete or vice versa. 7)
Other semantic changes. The reason why the researcher/translator did not use this strategy
is because the changing of modulations of various kinds, such as the change of physical
sense or deictic direction was not found in the text that has been translated by the
researcher/translator.

14. 5.2 Conclusion
This annotated translation research which belong to the area of translation with
commentary has two problems namely: (1) What are the difficulties encountered by the
researcher/translator during the process of translation? and, (2) How are those difficulties
solved in the translation? The first problem is very important for the researcher/translator
as this research is the ultimate result of the translation study. In translating, the
researcher/translator will find difficulties in looking for the equivalents in the target
language. Those difficulties should especially be stressed here as one of the procedure in
the course of translating as the researcher/translator has to prove his capability in
translating. The second problems is as much more important as it shows the competence
of the researcher in solving the problems he has encountered.
As stated in the finding, not all language theories, translation theories, translation
strategies, and principles of translation are used for analyzing, due to the limited number
of the data.
5.3 Recommendation
The researcher/translator recommends other researcher who are interested in the
same topic, annotated translation, to use Indonesian source text to be translated into
English target text and also to collect more data in order to make a more ellaborate
analysis.

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alwi et al. (2010). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa dan
Balai Pustaka.
Azar, B.S. (2003). Fundamentals of English Grammar. New York: Longman.
Baker, M. (1992) In Other Words. New York: Routledge.
Baker, M & Saldanha, G. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New
York: Routledge.
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. New York: Penguin Group.
Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Ufuk Publishing House. (Original work published 2011).
Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital. (F. Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. (Original work published 1998).
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. New York: Pocket Books.
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. New York: St. Martin Press.
Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat. (I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M. Tanaja, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. (Original work published 2001).
Brown, D. (2010). The Lost Symbol. (I.D. Nimpoeno, Trans.).Yogyakarta: Bentang
Pustaka. (Original work published 2009).
Brown, D. (2009). The Lost Symbol. New York: Double Day.
Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Chesterman, A. (2000). Memes of Translation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins North
America.
Duff, A. (1981). The Third Language. New York: Pergamon Press Inc.
Fawcett, P. (2003). Translation and Language Linguistic Theories Explained.United
Kingdom: St. Jerome Publishing.

16. Fuspita, A. (2012). Terjemahan Beranotasi Buku Anak Adventure Lands ke Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: University of Indonesia.
Hatim, B & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: An Advance Resource Book. New York:
Routledge.
Hervey, S & Higgins, I. (1992). Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation Method,
French-English. New York: Routledge.
Hervey et al. (2000). Thinking Italian Translation. New York: Routledge.
Larson, M.L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation. New York: University Press of
America.
Larson, M.L. (1998). Meaning-Based Translation. New York: University Press of
America.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Study. New York: Routledge.
McKay, C. (2006). How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator. Two Rat Press.
Newmark, P. (2001). Approaches to Translation. New York: Pergamon Press.
Nida, E.A. & Taber, C.R. (1982). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Netherlands:
E. J. Brill, Leiden.
Nunan, D. (1992). Research Method in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Nurlaila. (2014). An Annotated Translation of Plato: Timaeus and Critias a new
translation by Robin Waterfield. Jakarta: Gunadarma University.
Pamuk, O. (2004). Snow. Faber and Faber.
Pamuk, O. (2008). Snow. (Nugrahani, B.M., Trans.). Serambi. (Original work published
2002).
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Scholastic
Press.
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. New York: Scholastic Press.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. New York: Scholastic
Press.

17. Rowling, J.K. (1997). Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. New York: Scholastic
Press.
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah. (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (Original work published 1997).
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia. (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (Original work published 1999).
Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (Original work published 2000).
Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (Original work published 1999).
Saleh, K.A.H. (2011). Translating Restaurants’ Menus from English to Arabic:
Problems and Strategies. Nablus: An-Najah National University.
Vinay, J.P. & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A
Methodology for Translation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins North America.
Zakhir, M. (2009). The Theories of Translation: From History to Procedures, 119.