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1. LESSON 1: LOCATING PLACES ON EARTH
Key Ideas:
Equator - an imaginary circle midway
between the north and the south. It
divides the earth into 2 equal parts
called hemispheres- the Northern
hemisphere and the southern
hemisphere.
Parallels or lines of latitude- lines
drawn parallel to the equator. Five lines
of latitude with special names are as
follows:

5.  00 latitude – equator
 23.50 N- Tropic of Cancer
 23. 50 S- Tropic of Capricorn
 66.50 N- Arctic Circle
 66.50 S- Antarctic Circle
 Between the tropic of cancer and the
Arctic Circle is the Northern temperate
zone. Between the tropic of Capricorn and
the Antarctic Circle is the southern
temperate zone. Countries on these zones
go through 4 seasons- winter, spring,
summer and autumn.

6.  Areas within the Arctic Circle and
Antarctic Circle are called the Polar
Regions or frigid zones wherein the
temperature does not go above 100C. It is
cold all year round and even during the
summer month, it does not feel summer
at all.
 Prime Meridian- a line drawn vertically
from north to south pole and divides the
earth into 2 hemispheres, the eastern and
the western hemisphere. It is located at 00
longitude which passes through
Greenwich, England.

7.  Meridians or lines of longitude- any one of
the lines that go from the North Pole to
South Pole on maps of the world or globe.
 To sum up, the closer the latitude to the
equator, the warmer the climate. The
closer it is to the poles, the colder its
temperature. Thus, it is clear that there is
a relationship between the latitude of a
place and the climate it experiences.
 International Date Line ( IDL ) – one of the
meridians located at 1800 designated as
the place where each calendar day
begins.

10.  Key Ideas:
 Philippine archipelago is located between
40 and 220 north latitudes and between
1160 and 1270 east longitude. It consist of
7,107 islands. Its total land area is about
300,000 Km2 .
 Philippines has two largest islands Luzon
and Mindanao. The other large islands
include the Samar, Negros, Palawan,
Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, and
Masbate.
LESSON 2:LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE
PHILIPPINES

11.  The Philippines is separated from
Taiwan on the North by Bashi Channel
 ( part of Luzon ) from Sabah Malaysia
on the south west by Balabac Strait (off
Palawan) and Sibutu Passage (off Sulu
archipelago )
 Philippines are surrounded by seas like
Philippine Sea and Pacific Ocean on the
east, Celebes Sea on the South, Sulu
Sea on the Southwest, on the west
Philippine Sea on the west

12. LESSON 3: WATERFORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 KEY IDEAS:
 Seas- large bodies of water. They form
part of the ocean that surrounds the
continents and other landmasses.
 Beaches are shaped by the action of
waves that deposit sand and sediments.
( Boracay- Aklan, Pagudpud Ilocos
Norte, Panglao – Bohol, El Nido –
Palawan )

13. A

17.  Gulfs – part of the sea that are partly
surrounded by land, bigger than bays.
 ( Lingayen Gulf-extension of the West
Philippine Sea )
 Mangroves- thrives in gulfs serve as
home for different species of fish
mollusks and even birds and protects
the coast from storms erosion and
flood.

20. Bays – areas of the sea that are
mostly surrounded by land. It
has calm waters due to the
surrounding land that blocks the
waves and reduces the winds.
 ( Manila Bay- a bay which
beautiful sunsets may be
viewed.

23. Reefs- submerged ridges of
rocks or corals which are ideal
habitats and breeding places for
many species of marine
organisms.
 Tubbataha reef- a coral island
in Palawan, Apo Reef- largest
coral reef system in the country

26.  Rivers- natural freshwater
originating from the highlands and
flows toward seas, lakes or other
rivers. ( Cagayan River- longest and
largest river in Luzon, Underground
River, famous tourist spot and
considered as one of the new seven
wonders of nature located in
Palawan.

29.  Waterfalls- consist of fast-flowing
water that goes down rocky slopes.
Some are used in hydroelectric
power plants to generate electricity.
( Maria Cristina Falls- found in
Iligan, Lanao del Norte )
 Lakes- either fresh or salty bodies
of water that are entirely
surrounded by land. ( Taal Lake-
Batangas, Lake Pinatubo- formed
after the eruption of mount

34.  WATERSHED- an area of land on a slope
which drains its water into a stream and
its tributaries ( small streams that supply
water to a main stream ) It is sometimes
called catchment area or drainage basin.
It includes the surface of the land and the
underground rock formation drained by
the system.
 A single watershed may include the
combination of forest, grassland,
marshes and other habitats.

35.  Philippines have many watersheds
basically because we have abundant
rainfall, many bodies of water, and lots
of sunshine.
 Right temperature and abundant rainfall
explains partly why our country is
considered to be a mega-diverse country
which means with high diversity of
plants and animals both on land and
water

36. The main function of a
watershed is the production
of continuous water supply
that would maintain the life
forms within it and in the
area fed by its steam.

37. LESSON 4: LANDFORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 KEY IDEAS:
 Philippines is noted for its beautiful
landscapes. Most of these are landforms
sculptured by nature.
 Philippines is situated within the Pacific
Ring of Fire, it always experience
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and
other geologic processes that causes
the formation of various surface
features.

38.  Mountain- landform with a height of
at least 300m above sea level,
usually covered with trees and
contain many mineral deposits.
 Mt Pulag ( Benguet )- tallest
mountain in Luzon
 Mt. Kanlaon- tallest mountain in
visayas
 Mt. Apo- tallest mountain in the
country

40.  Mountain Ranges- chains of
mountains bordered by highlands or
separated from other mountain by
valleys.
 Kalatungan Mountain Range known
to be covered with mossy forest
found in Bukidnon
 Sierra Madre Mountain Range-
longest mountain ranges in the
country from Cagayan on the north
to Quezon on the south.

42.  Volcanoes- formed when magma
from the earth’s interior rises to or
near the earth surface.
 Hills- highlands with an elevation of
less than 300 m above sea level and
serves as home to grazing animals.
 Chocolate Hills- famous hills found
in Bohol and considered as one of
nature’s wonders.

44.  Plateaus- flat highlands which are
continuously shaped by erosion through
the action of wind and water. ( Benguet,
Baguio )
 Plains- wide flat lowlands where farm
crops are grown and where towns and
cities are found. ( Central Plain of Luzon-
Rice Bowl of the Phils. )
 Valleys- flat lowlands surrounded by
highlands ideal for planting crops
because of its fertile soil. ( Compostella
Valley in Davao- rich in mineral deposits
 La Trinidad Valley in Benguet- Salad Bowl
of the phils.)

46. BAGUIO
 mm

48. CENTRAL PLAIN OF LUZON

51. COMPOSTELLA VALLEY

52. LESSON : NATURAL RESOURCES
 KEY IDEAS:
 Natural resources of the earth are divided
into Energy resources and Material
resources.
 Energy resources are those that are used
to generate electricity
 Material resources include natural food
and drink sources and materials that are
utilized in making various products to
meet human necessities.

53.  Material resources:
 Resources from the Atmosphere
 Oxygen- gas that humans and animals
need for respiration. It is also needed for
combustion or burning
 Nitrogen- converted into useful
compounds that plants and animals need.
 Argon- use in the manufacture of light
bulb.

54.  Ground resources
 Rice, and other major crop production are
important for human consumption.
 stone, gravel, sand, clay and limestone are
important building materials
 Water Resources
 A small fraction of fresh water is used for
drinking. Other fraction of water is utilized
for irrigation of crops, and other domestic
activities like cooking, washing, and
cleaning.
 Waterfalls are used to generate
hydroelectricity. Other water forms provide
us with food like fish shells and the like

55. H
 Rock and Mineral resources
 Rocks are classified into Three types
 Igneous- formed from solidification of
molten rock called magma. A magma may be
as hot as 600-12000C. ( Granite- common
igneous rock used as material for the
construction of buildings and monuments.)
 Crystallization- process in which minerals
are formed during solidification of magma.
 Mineral- an organic solid that has a definite
chemical composition and crystal shape.
 Gems- the most beautiful and highly
treasured crystals. ( diamond, emerald,
sapphire, jade etc.)

56.  Sedimentary – formed from weathering of
preexisting rocks that has been
consolidated and precipitated sediments.
 Conglomerate- made of rounded gravel
 Breccia- made of angular gravel
 Sandstone- made mostly of sand
 Limestone- primary ingredient for making
cement
 Metamorphic rock- rock that is subjected to
tremendous heat, great pressure and intense
chemical reaction or some combination of
the three and does not melt instead
becomes a distinct new rock. The process is
called metamorphism.

57.  Slate- a fine-grained foliated rock made of
tiny Mica minerals which can be easily spilt
into slabs. It become popular as roofing
material in Europe
 Schist- exhibit obvious foliation, they readily
break into flakes or slabs and are made of
platy and elongated minerals that are big
enough to be identified.
 Gneiss- this type of rock is striking./ It has
light-colored minerals segregated from dark
ones, forming light and dark layers
alternating with one another.
 Marble- a limestone that is more or less
crystallized by metamorphism. It is usually
used especially in buildings and

58.  Mineral resources includes mostly metals
like Iron, Aluminum, Copper and gold
 Iron is used for making steel bars that serve
as framework for buildings, bridges and
other infrastructures.
 Aluminum- used for packaging food and
beverages and also for building airplanes.
 Copper- a very good conductor of electricity
 Gold – an expensive jewelry and it is also
used in computer s and other electronic
devices.
 Silicon- a metalloid used in making
fiberglass and electronic boards

59.  ENERGY RESOURCE – those that are
used to generate electricity
 Renewable energy source- sources that
can easily be replaced. It can be
conventional or non- conventional
 Conventional energy sources- these are
widely used and have been well explored.
These are used for large-scale power
generation.
 Geothermal energy- energy coming from
the heat under the ground.
 Hydroelectric energy- energy produced
by flowing water..

60.  Non-conventional energy source- energy
sources that are not widely used.
 Tidal energy- energy harnessed from the
tides in the oceans/seas.
 Wind energy- energy that was taken fron
the constant blow of the wind.
 Solar energy- energy coming from the
sun
 Biomass- energy that is derived from
plant or animal matter

61.  Petroleum or crude oil- complex mixture
of hydrogen and carbon compounds. It
was originated from the remains of
plankton ( tiny aquatic organisms that drift
with the water current )
 Non renewable energy- those that can
be replaced but it takes a very long
time.
 Fractional distillation- process of
separating the components of petroleum.

62.  coal - most abundant fossil fuel
believed to be formed from plants
that grow near swamps in warm,
humid areas millions of years ago.
 Natural gas- composed mainly of
methane, the cleanest of all the fossil
fuels.

63. LESSON: ATMOSPHERE- THE GASEOUS PART OF THE EARTH
 Troposphere- the lowest layer of the
atmosphere. It is the layer where we live,
sometimes called as weather layer since
it is where all the weather phenomena
occur. Temperature varies greatly near the
earth’s surface. It is warmer near the
equator and colder towards the poles.
Likewise the air goes colder as one goes
higher.

64.  Tropopause- separates the Troposphere
from the Stratosphere.
 Stratosphere- second layer of the
atmosphere. In this region the air goes
warmer as one goes up higher. It is
sometimes called as jet streams and
where the ozone layer is located. Ozone
absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun
the reason why the temperature in this
region rises.

65.  Stratopause- separates the stratosphere
from the mesosphere.
 Mesosphere- found above the
stratosphere. In this region the air goes
colder again as one goes up higher. Most
of the meteors are totally burned out in
this region.
 Mesopause- boundary that separates the
mesosphere from the thermosphere.

66.  Thermosphere- a layer with very thin air
and since this layer is closer to the sun,
the air absorbs large amount of solar
energy, thus there is tremendous increase
in temperature occurs in this layer. It is
where the Ionosphere is located.
 Ionosphere- a layer filled with ions- a
negatively charged particles that receives
and reflects the radio waves from and
towards the Earth. It makes the long
distance communication possible on
Earth.

67.  Aurora Borealis- (North) Aurora Australis
(south)- bands of light with different
colors and are seen especially during
dark nights in places located in polar
regions.
 Exosphere- outermost layer of Earth’s
atmosphere

68. LESSON: CHANGES IN EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
 SOURCES of HARMFUL SUBSTANCES AND
THEIR EFFECTS
 BURNING OF COAL-gives off sulfur,
nitrogen, mercury and lead.
 Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dissolve in
water to form Acid Rain that damages
plant, pollutes water resources, and
corrodes buildings and monuments.
 Lead and Mercury- when inhaled or
ingested, can damage the nervous system
( brain )

69.  Factory smokestacks- emit soot that
remains suspended in air. Soot contains
chemicals that can cause respiratory
diseases.
 Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in
motor vehicles and power plants results
in the emission of carbon monoxide,
which is one of the greenhouse gases.
 Smoke and fog- produce photochemical
“smog” in a reaction triggered by
sunlight. Smog reduces visibility and
endangered motorists traveling along the

70.  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)- major
compound that causes ozone depletion. It
is the main component of aerosol sprays
that are widely used in industrialized
countries. These are inert gases that are
highly effective as refrigerants in
refrigerators and air conditioners. They
are also used as aerosol propellants,
cleansing agents for electrical and
electronic components and foaming
agents in plastic manufacturing.

71.  Montreal Protocol- group that monitors
the depletion of the ozone layer.
 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)- one that
replaced the CFCs after it has rapidly
been phaseout by Montreal Protocol
since it does not contain chlorine unlike
CFCs.

72. LESSON: HEAT TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE
 Solar radiation- energy coming from the sun.
When this solar radiation reaches Earth’s
atmosphere, it is being absorbed and is
transformed to heat energy.
 Terrestrial radiation- heat that is being
reradiated by the earth’s surface into the
atmosphere.
 Greenhouse effect naturally occurs within
earth’s troposphere. Without water vapor
and carbon dioxide that trap the heat
reradiated by the earth, the temperature in
the troposphere would be very low.

73.  Gases released by volcanic eruptions,
burning of fossil fuels, and agricultural
and manufacturing industries add more
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that
causes changes in the atmospheric
composition.
 Sea breeze- the movement of cool air
from sea to land during daytime.
 Land breeze- the movement of cool air
from land to sea during night time.
 Temperature differences cause air
pressure differences over the land and

74.  Monsoons- the blow of wind by seasons
either to the continent or to the oceans
because of the differences in temperature
and pressure and usually involve greater
masses of air that affect larger areas.
 Northeast monsoon ( Hanging Amihan )
brings cold Siberian wind to the country
from November to February when it is
winter in the Northern Hemisphere. High
pressure develops over cold Asiatic
continent while low pressure area
develops over the Pacific Oceans.

75.  Southwest Monsoon ( Hanging Habagat )
brings heavy rains throughout the
country from June to November since it
absorbs moisture from the surrounding
oceans before it reaches the Philippines.
 Trade winds- prevail during the month of
March to May bringing less or almost no
rainfall. This caused trading ships to
move fast forward to their destinations.
 NE trade winds – trade winds in the
Northern Hemisphere and it blows from
the NE

76.  SE trade winds- trade winds in the
southern hemisphere that blows from the
SE.
 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)-
equatorial band of low pressure area
formed when both northern and southern
trade winds converge or meet near
equator. When ITCZ moves away from the
equator a cycle of thunderstorms may be
expected.
 Thunderstorms generate megavolts of
lightning that can destroy lives and

77.  TROPICAL CYCLONE- a rotating wind
around a low pressure center called the
eye. ( typhoon in Pacific Ocean, Willy-
Willy in Australia, Hurricane in America. )
It is classified three types according to
the maximum wind speed blowing near
the center.
 Tropical depression- wind speed of less
than 63 km/h
 Tropical storm- wind speed of 63-118
km/h
 Typhoon- wind speed of more than

78.  Tornadoes- -very strong column of winds
spiraling around a low pressure area. The
winds inside it spiral inward and outward
creating a vacuum within that can suck
anything it passes over.
 El Niño ( The Little Boy or Christ Child )-the
appearance of unusually warm water in the
Pacific Ocean which usually arrives around
Christmas time causes unusual long dry
spells.
 La Niña – opposite of El Niño, a condition
characterized by unusually cold
temperatures in the ocean waters of
Equatorial Pacific that brings continuous
heavy rainfall causing great floods.

79. LESSON: SEASONS
 Seasons occur because the Earth is tilted at
23.50 with its North Pole oriented towards
the North Star and because the earth is
revolving around the sun.
 Because of the curved surface of earth,
tropical regions always received direct rays
from the sun while Polar Regions received
slanted rays.
 Solstices occur when earth’s axis points
either towards or away from the sun. At this
point, unequal lengths of days and nights
are experienced in different places around

80.  Summer solstice- marks the first day of
summer
 Winter solstice-marks the first day of
winter
 Equinox- occurs when the earth’s axis
does not point either towards or away
from the sun, thus the days and nights
are almost equal in length.
 Autumnal equinox- marks the first day of
autumn
 Vernal equinox- marks the first day of
spring

81.  June 21 or 22- sun’s vertical rays fall on
Tropic of Cancer. Summer in north and
winter in south. At this time days are longer
in the north while nights are longer in the
south.
 September 21 or 22- sun’s vertical rays are
directed on the equator, Daytime is as long
as night time. Autumn in the north and
spring in the south
 December 21 or 22- sun’s vertical rays fall on
the Tropic of Capricorn. During this time, it
is winter in the north and summer in the
south. Nights are longer in the north while
days are longer in the south.

82.  March 21 or 22- the sun’s vertical rays fall
again at the equator. Almost the same
length of days and nights. It is spring in
the and autumn in the south.

84. LESSON: SEASONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 The Philippine archipelago which is
located in the tropics, has a tropical
maritime climate characterized by a
relatively high temperature, high humidity
and abundant rainfall.
 Two types of seasons in the Philippines
are the wet and dry seasons
 Wet season is caused by southwest
monsoon which give frequent typhoons
hitting the country

85.  Cool dry season is caused by northeast
monsoon
 Hot dry season is caused by prevailing
northeast trade winds that brings almost
no rain
 Topography of the Philippines affect the
amount of rainfall that an area receives.

86. THE PHILIPPINES HAS FOUR TYPES OF CLIMATES:
 Type 1- dry and rainy seasons. Areas
under this type of climate are shielded by
mountains from northeasterly winds but
are open to southeasterly winds.
 Type11- no dry seasons. Areas under this
type of climate are located along the
eastern coast so they are open to
northeasterly winds and storms

87.  Type 111- has a short period of dry
season. Rainy season occurs during the
rest of the year. These areas are partly
shielded from northeasterly winds but are
open to southeasterly winds and storms.
 Type 1V- rainfall evenly distributed
throughout the year. Areas having this
climate experience no dry season.

89. LESSON: PHASES OF THE MOON
 Phases of the moon mean changes in the
appearance of the moon at the sky.
 New moon, waxing crescent, first quarter,
waxing gibbous, full moon, waning
gibbous, third quarter and waning
crescent
 New moon- occurs when the moon comes
between the earth and the sun, this time
we cannot see the moon because part of
the moon facing the earth is not lighted
by the sun.

90.  Waxing crescent comes 3 to 4 days after
the new moon, this time we can see a
small portion of the moon lighted by the
sun. ( waxing means increasing in
size )
 First quarter- happens 1 week after the
new moon in which half of the moon
facing the earth is lighted by the sun. It is
sometimes called as half moon.
 Waxing gibbous- happens 3 to 4 days
after the first quarter moon. This time we
can see that more than half of the moon
facing the earth is lighted by the sun.

91.  Full moon- occurs when the earth comes
between the sun and the moon. This time
part of the moon facing the earth is fully
lighted by the sun.
 Waning gibbous- happens 3 to 4 days after
the full moon. The moon started to decrease
in size.
 Last quarter- occurs 1 week after the full
moon. This time we can see again another
half moon lighted by the sun.
 Waning crescent- occurs 3 to 4 days after
the last quarter until we can see that only a
small portion of the moon again is lighted by
the sun. A couple of days after, the moon will
then be back again in the new moon phase.

92.  291/2 days - One complete revolution of
the moon around the earth’s orbit
 Moons orbit around the earth is elliptical.
Thus the moon sometimes Is at its
farthest point to the earth but sometimes
it is in its nearest point to the earth
 Perigee- the nearest point of the moon’s
orbit to the earth
 Apogee- the farthest point of the moon’s
orbit to the earth.